If a therapist were using counterconditioning techniques to alleviate a patient’s intense fear of heights, they would need to do which of the following?

Ensure that the patient is informed of the therapeutic procedures that will be utilized.

Make sure the patient does not experience any stress during therapy.

Have an IRB review their plan for therapy.

Involve the patient’s family in discussing the progress made during the therapy sessions.

Which dog is demonstrating stimulus discrimination in the following scenarios?

Cookie cowers when she hears the pop of fireworks, but not when she hears the pop of lightning.

Princess used to sit on command, but since her owner stopped giving her a treat for it, she no longer does.

Chug, a fearful dog after growing up without a home, gradually became more trusting of people after being exposed to them. Then, Chug suddenly returns to his fearful behavior.

Brodie associates the sound of the doorbell with guests and excitedly goes to the door when he hears it, but he also does so when he hears a game show contestant ring a bell to answer a question.

Researchers proposed a study on language acquisition to see if exposing 10-month-old babies to phonemes outside of their primary language had an impact on the child’s fluency in their primary language. One hundred babies are randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition babies would only be exposed to phonemes of their primary language for one hour per day over the course of six months. The other group would be exposed to phonemes from several different languages for one hour per day over the course of six months. The researchers hoped to explore whether exposure to phonemes from several different languages helped or impeded language development. Which of the following concerns would an IRB likely have about this study?

The procedure could potentially cause harm to the babies by interfering with their language development.

There would be no way to get informed consent.

There is too much deception involved in this research proposal.

There would be no way to keep the information about each child confidential.

Grammatical Proficiency line graph shows grammatical proficiency on the y-axis (0 to 25) against Age of Acquisition of Second Language on the x-axis with categories: Native, Ages 3 to 7, Ages 8 to 10, Ages 11 to 15, Ages 17 to 39. The line slopes downward as age of acquisition increases. If various cultures expect students to master more than one language in school, which of the following courses of action are supported by the evidence presented in the graph?

Begin second-language instruction in early childhood (ages 3 to 7).

Delay second-language instruction until adolescence (ages 11 to 15).

Concentrate second-language instruction in adulthood (ages 17 to 39) to reach native-level proficiency.

Start second-language instruction in late childhood (ages 8 to 10) to outperform earlier starters.

The graph provides evidence for which of the following aspects of language acquisition?

There may be a critical period in learning a second language for the learner to achieve fluency.

Morphemes develop more quickly than phonemes when learning a second language.

Telegraphic speech is more quickly developed in learning a second language because the learner has already gone through that stage while learning their primary language.

Grammatical fluency is not related to the age at which someone begins learning a second language.

Based on the findings presented in the graph above, a researcher proposed a study in which 100 10-year-old students would be randomly assigned to two groups. One group would be exposed to a course with instruction for a second language every day during school, and the second group would not be allowed to take a second-language course. The principal of the school agreed to the study, but students were not aware of the purpose of the study. Which of the following is the most significant ethical concern in this study?

The students did not provide informed consent.

The proposed study would not allow researchers to debrief once the research concluded.

The researcher would not be able to maintain confidentiality about student performance.

The study would cause too much psychological stress for the students.

Researchers created a study to try to assess the extent to which 2-year-old children could detect emotion in telegraphic speech coming from adults. Children would be exposed to neutral phrases, happy phrases, and angry phrases. Which of the following statements about ethical guidelines is accurate for this study?

The researchers will first need to obtain informed consent from the parents of each child.

This research is unethical because the children may be uncomfortable with the different phrases.

The researchers will need to attempt to debrief the children prior to beginning the study.

The study is flawed because researchers would not be able to maintain the confidentiality of the participants.

Dr. Norman conducts a study about STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) courses and gender. They gather data from a local college’s admissions and registration department. Within the population of the college, 52% identified as female, 45% identified as male, and the remaining identified as “nonbinary, other, or prefer not to say.” Additionally, of the students registered as majors in STEM subjects, 34% identified as female, 59% identified as male, and the remainder identified as “nonbinary, other, or preferred not to say.” Based on the data presented in this scenario, which of the following is a hypothesis for Dr. Norman’s research?

“Is there a relationship between gender and registration for college STEM majors?”

“Does gender effect success in college STEM courses?”

“Do college admissions practices cause females to drop out of STEM courses?”

“Does gender affect drop-out rates in college?”

Dr. Arthur conducted a correlational study to determine the relationship between parental approval and preference for gender-congruent toys. She interviewed 40 sets of parents about the types of toys their child plays with and the parents’ preferences for these toys. Later, she interviewed each of the 92 children over the age of four about which toys they preferred. Dr. Arthur determined that there was a predicable relationship between the toys the children preferred and the toys the parents preferred. Which of the following is a variable of interest in this study?

The types of toys the children played with

92 children above the age of four

Dr. Lawrence conducts a survey to gather information about socialization of gender roles. As part of the section on demographics, Dr. Lawrence asks the following question. Which gender identity do you identify with? A. Female B. Male C. Not sure D. All of the above Why might it be better for Dr. Lawrence to use an open-ended questionnaire rather than multiple choice when asking this question?

The three options provided are too limiting and will not allow for other response options participants can use to self-report.

There is little difference between these options; therefore, participants will not be able to select just one option.

The survey does not provide an option to select one’s chromosomal sex as XX or XY.

This question does not include the option to describe one’s sexual orientation.

Janice cleaned out the office refrigerator without being asked. The operant conditioning concept of positive reinforcement is illustrated in which scenario?

The next day, her boss gave her a gift certificate to a local coffee shop. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

The next day, her boss said Janice could take some time off work. As a result, Janice now regularly cleans out the office refrigerator.

The next day, Janice’s coworker cleaned out the office refrigerator. As a result, now everyone in the office takes turn cleaning out the refrigerator.

The next day, her boss reprimanded Janice loudly in front of everyone. As a result, Janice never cleaned the office refrigerator again.

The operant conditioning concept of negative reinforcement is illustrated in which of the following scenarios?

Ervin always buckles his seat belt to stop the beeping sound his car makes when the seat belt is unbuckled.

Whenever Gizella masters a piano piece, her teacher puts a sticker on the page of music.

When Grizilla’s dog tries to steal her food, she taps him on the nose and says “NO!” sharply.

After Ben stays out after curfew, his parents tell him he is not allowed to spend time with his friends for one month.

Which of the following operant conditioning concepts is an example of positive punishment?

A teacher adds extra homework after a student talks during class.

A parent removes video game privileges when chores are not done.

A coach praises an athlete for attending practice.

A driver fastens a seat belt to stop an annoying alarm.

Which scenario illustrates positive punishment?

While driving through the state of Mississippi, Lance was stopped for speeding and had to pay an expensive speeding ticket. As a result, he no longer goes over the speed limit when driving in Mississippi.

As a reward for LaKeisha getting good grades, her parents take her out to dinner at her favorite restaurant.

Caroline was caught stealing money from her brother’s room. As punishment, her parents said she could not use social media for three weeks.

A rat was taught to dunk a ball into a miniature basketball hoop in order to receive a treat. After the rat stopped receiving treats, it eventually stopped playing basketball. A week later, however, the rat randomly started playing basketball again.

Which of the following is an example of the schedule of reinforcement that has the slowest response rate as depicted in the graph titled "Partial Reinforcement Schedules"?

A local fast-food restaurant tells customers they are going to release a coupon for a free meal on their app at some point during the day.

A person receives a free cup of coffee after purchasing 10 cups of coffee from the local coffee shop.

Someone wins a prize in a lottery drawing.

Every Tuesday, the local movie theater offers free popcorn and a drink with a purchase of a movie ticket.

Researchers hypothesize that the older a baby is when it begins to crawl, the longer it will take the baby to stop exhibiting earlier rocking behaviors. The researchers go into the infant room of a day care center every day for six weeks. Every time a baby rocks, the researchers record it. They document which babies are already crawlers and at what age each started crawling. What will help the researchers with their investigation?

Their knowledge that rocking behavior develops before crawling behavior and that rocking behavior eventually goes away once crawling behavior begins

Surveying 100 parents about prenatal care

Their knowledge that babies develop fine motor skills before they develop gross motor skills

Randomly assigning the babies to the crawling versus not-crawling conditions

A researcher conducted a study with a group of babies that were between 6 and 9 months of age. The researcher, using the visual cliff apparatus, recorded the type of response the babies gave to the visual cliff. The results are depicted in the graph. Which of the following is a conclusion that the researcher can make regarding the babies’ responses to the visual cliff?

Babies between 6 and 9 months of age can perceive depth.

Babies between 6 and 9 months of age are not able to crawl.

Babies between 6 and 9 months of age can perceive motion.

Babies between 6 and 9 months of age are not able to pull themselves up to a standing position.

Researchers conducted a study to investigate whether problem-solving abilities declined as subjects got older. They gave a large random sample of 20-year-old subjects a test with various problem-solving tasks. For the next 40 years, the researchers followed up every five years with the subjects and had them complete additional tests to gauge their problem-solving abilities. Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding this research?

This study will provide correlational results.

This study will allow researchers to determine whether age causes a decline in problem-solving abilities.

This study cannot be generalized because there are too few participants.

This study is experimental because the subjects were randomly assigned to a control or experimental condition.

Annette, who lives in the United States, experienced menarche at age ten, while her great-grandmother experienced it at age fourteen. Which of the following most likely explains the difference between the age that Annette and the age that her great-grandmother experienced menarche?

Annette has better nutrition and medical care than her great-grandmother did.

Annette’s great-grandmother lived in a rural area, while Annette lives in a city.

Annette is the youngest child in her family, while her great-grandmother was the oldest child in her family.

Annette has more peers of the same age than her great-grandmother did.

What conclusion can be drawn from the data presented in the figure about sensitivity to teratogens during prenatal development?

Teratogens are least likely to impact the development of the heart after 9 weeks.

Teratogens do not affect prenatal development of external genitalia.

The arms and legs are susceptible to defects due to teratogens throughout all of prenatal development.

The time period of 3 weeks to 9.5 weeks poses the greatest sensitivity to teratogens for development of teeth.

Dalton developed a phobia of dogs after watching his older cousin act fearfully when he interacted with dogs in their neighborhood. Which of the following best explains why Dalton developed his phobia of dogs?

Social learning theory, because Dalton learned from observing his cousin's behavior toward dogs.

Classical conditioning, because dogs are associated with classical conditioning studies.

Operant conditioning, because Dalton is being reinforced for his behavior.

Overactive amygdala, because the amygdala is associated with fear.

Which scenario below best depicts insight learning?

Laramie suddenly realized that he could put some of his groceries in a cabinet after repeatedly failing to fit them into a pantry.

Kyler audited a physics class and was not required to be formally tested on the material. However, when Kyler’s mother asked him a tough question about physics he was able to answer it correctly.

Marley screamed when she saw her neighbor's dog after watching her father scream in fear around dogs.

Karla never tried to leave the house in the middle of the night again after her parents grounded her for sneaking out of the house.

Which of the following statements explains why it is difficult to experiment with human development?

Direct long-term manipulation of a child’s environment would be unethical.

The genes of identical twins are not similar enough for statistics.

Experiments with small children are always unethical.

Identifying what genetic traits are interacting with the environment is impossible.

A researcher studied the impact of early childhood education on disadvantaged children. Half of the children were randomly assigned to receive high-quality preschool, while the other half received no opportunity to attend preschool. The study collected extensive data on the children from the study until they reached age 40. The researchers were able to conclude that high-quality preschool positively affected education, socioeconomic status, crime prevention, family dynamics, and health. Which of the following best describes the research methodology used?

Cross-sectional correlational study

To study the effects of smoking on sense of smell, a researcher would most likely conduct a

longitudinal study on 100 smokers and a matched sample of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether the smokers’ sense of smell declined more over time than the nonsmokers’ did

longitudinal study on 200 smokers to determine whether their sense of smell improved over time

cross-sectional study of 100 nonsmokers to determine whether nonsmokers’ sense of smell improved with age

cross-sectional study on 200 nonsmokers to determine whether smokers’ sense of smell stayed the same over time

A researcher studied 30 people ages twenty to forty, 30 people ages forty-one to sixty, and 30 people ages sixty-one to eighty. The researcher set up two rooms—one with a faint rose smell, and one with a faint lemon smell. Each participant was asked to enter each room and identify the smell in the room. What research method did the researcher use, and what outcome would be found?

Cross-sectional. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age.

Cross-sectional. Middle-aged people have the strongest sense of smell.

Cross-sectional. No conclusions can be made because cause and effect cannot be inferred.

Longitudinal. As people age, their sense of smell diminishes, especially in older age.

Crystal has three children she loves and cares for very much. Denise has two children that she neglects. Crystal’s children are very friendly and talk to people more often than Denise’s children. Which of the following is the likely result of the children’s attachment to their mothers?

Crystal’s children will have better socialization skills.

Crystal used rewards and punishments more often than Denise.

Denise’s children's schemas regarding parent-child relationships are quite strong.

Crystal’s children will have resolved the Oedipal complex, and Denise’s children will not have.

To explore the concept of the “imaginary audience,” a researcher gave the Imaginary Audience Scale to 6th, 8th, and 10th graders who visited a local shopping mall during one weekend in June. The results indicated that students in 10th grade had the lowest ratings on the scale and concluded that the “imaginary audience” does not apply to students beyond the 8th grade. For the researcher to generalize this research, what would he need to do differently?

He would need to obtain a random sample of participants from each of the three grade levels.

He would need to randomly assign the students to the experimental and control conditions.

He would need to test more kids from each grade level.

He would need to manipulate an independent variable, which he is not doing in the current design.

Anthony is an adolescent who has a pimple on his cheek and thinks everyone is looking at it. Which of the following best explains what Anthony is experiencing?

The imaginary audience phenomenon

A researcher explored the importance of comfort in newborn rhesus monkeys. The researcher separated infant monkeys from their biological mothers and introduced them to two inanimate surrogate mothers. One surrogate mother was constructed of wire and had a milk bottle attached to it, and the second was covered in soft cloth but did not have a milk bottle attached to it. The baby monkeys spent almost all of their time on the soft cloth mother and only went to the wire monkey to eat. In this experiment, what is the dependent variable?

The amount of time the infant spent with each surrogate mother

The soft cloth surrogate without milk

The amount of time the infants were separated from their biological mothers

[AP Psychology] Unit 3: Development and Learning

Authored by Anh Quan Steve Truong

Social Studies

11th Grade

Used 3+ times

[AP Psychology] Unit 3: Development and Learning

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53 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following aspects of classical conditioning is demonstrated by Quadrant 1 in the figure?

Conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Unconditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Extinction of a conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery of a conditioned response.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Using the information presented in the graph, what is most likely the reason for the fall in the strength of the conditioned response in trials 16–20?

The CS and the US are continuing to be paired together.

The CS is getting weaker.

The CS and US are no longer being paired together.

The US is growing stronger.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In an effort to demonstrate that phobias were the result of environmental conditioning rather than mental processes, a researcher conditioned an 8-month-old child named Albert to have an intense fear of a white fluffy rat. While the result supported the researcher’s behaviorist viewpoint, which of the following reasons explains why this research would not be allowed today?

The use of confederates in the research created too much deception.

There was no operational definition of the variables being tested.

It created too much stress for the participant, which violates the code of ethics for psychological research.

Researchers are not allowed to work with children under the age of 18.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Participants anonymously consented to an experiment where they would be classically conditioned to have a positive emotional response to advertisements for various products. In reality, the experimenter was attempting to see if subliminal messages in an advertisement influenced participant views on the product being advertised. Which of the following ethical guidelines might be of concern to an institutional review board concerning this research?

There might be more deception than is deemed appropriate.

This would cause too much stress for the participants involved.

The identities of the participants could be leaked to the public.

Participants would not be allowed to leave the study if they wanted to drop out.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Xander can no longer stomach the taste of sushi after he vomited from eating a spoiled serving of it. However, the appearance of sushi does not make him sick. Which of the following best accounts for why Xander becomes sick upon tasting sushi but not seeing sushi?

Latent learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer.

Insight learning, because sushi acts as a reinforcer.

Biological predisposition, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

Negative punishment, because this example illustrates taste aversion.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In which scenario is someone showing evidence of extinction in classical conditioning?

After a painful procedure at the hospital, Erin experiences anxiety any time she sees a hospital.

Randy was always worried about his exams in high school and felt anxiety when in the building.

However, now that he is a teacher at the same high school the anxiety has gone away.

Marta always associated her mother’s fruitcake with the happiness of the holidays. After being on her

own for some time the fruitcake no longer had that association, but when a colleague brought a fruitcake

to work she felt the happiness return.

After his first kiss at a school dance, Lester not only gets a warm feeling every time he hears the song

that was playing during the kiss, but also whenever he hears a song by the same artist.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Research was conducted on the frequency of accidents involving construction workers being hit by construction vehicles in a work zone. The researchers measured the response of pedestrians to the volume of warning sounds for each of the vehicles involved in the accidents. The data are depicted in the graph. Which of the following principles of learning is demonstrated by the results?

Counterconditioning

Higher-Order Conditioning

Habituation

Biological Preparedness

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