Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Although I left university with a solid academic record, the transition into the professional world proved far more challenging than I had anticipated. (18) ______. Eventually, I realised that idealism was a luxury I could no longer afford. Faced with the prospect of serious economic hardship, (19) ______: a position as a market research telephone interviewer. What I assumed would be a temporary solution soon became a prolonged and emotionally demanding experience. The company’s expectations became clear even before my first official day of work. I was required to complete three full days of training without receiving any payment, a condition I found questionable but reluctantly accepted. I justified this decision by focusing on the relatively high hourly wage and (20) ______. Nevertheless, the training itself offered little meaningful preparation. In retrospect, it served less as professional development and more as an introduction to a culture (21) ______. The working environment was highly restrictive and closely monitored. Approximately twenty interviewers were confined to narrow, poorly lit booths equipped with outdated technology. Supervisors sat at the centre of the room, silently listening to calls and enforcing strict rules. Any pause between calls (22) ______, and interaction between colleagues was strictly forbidden. Even personal needs, such as visiting the toilet, required formal permission. As a result, time seemed to slow down dramatically, particularly during the long hours before scheduled breaks, creating a constant sense of fatigue and frustration. Choose the option that best completes blank (18).

Months passed without any success, and my initial confidence was gradually replaced by anxiety about my financial future.

Several months passed successfully, and my confidence overall increased despite lingering personal anxiety about finances.

After several months of progress, financial anxiety eroded my confidence and hindered clearer planning for my professional future.

After many months had gone by, my confidence about the future returned as my financial anxiety gradually disappeared.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Although I left university with a solid academic record, the transition into the professional world proved far more challenging than I had anticipated. (18) ______. Eventually, I realised that idealism was a luxury I could no longer afford. Faced with the prospect of serious economic hardship, (19) ______: a position as a market research telephone interviewer. What I assumed would be a temporary solution soon became a prolonged and emotionally demanding experience. The company’s expectations became clear even before my first official day of work. I was required to complete three full days of training without receiving any payment, a condition I found questionable but reluctantly accepted. I justified this decision by focusing on the relatively high hourly wage and (20) ______. Nevertheless, the training itself offered little meaningful preparation. In retrospect, it served less as professional development and more as an introduction to a culture (21) ______. The working environment was highly restrictive and closely monitored. Approximately twenty interviewers were confined to narrow, poorly lit booths equipped with outdated technology. Supervisors sat at the centre of the room, silently listening to calls and enforcing strict rules. Any pause between calls (22) ______, and interaction between colleagues was strictly forbidden. Even personal needs, such as visiting the toilet, required formal permission. As a result, time seemed to slow down dramatically, particularly during the long hours before scheduled breaks, creating a constant sense of fatigue and frustration. Choose the option that best completes blank (19).

I accepted the first job opportunity available to me

I accepted an opportunity that was immediately available.

my job was the first opportunity readily available

the first job opportunity finally became available to me

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Although I left university with a solid academic record, the transition into the professional world proved far more challenging than I had anticipated. (18) ______. Eventually, I realised that idealism was a luxury I could no longer afford. Faced with the prospect of serious economic hardship, (19) ______: a position as a market research telephone interviewer. What I assumed would be a temporary solution soon became a prolonged and emotionally demanding experience. The company’s expectations became clear even before my first official day of work. I was required to complete three full days of training without receiving any payment, a condition I found questionable but reluctantly accepted. I justified this decision by focusing on the relatively high hourly wage and (20) ______. Nevertheless, the training itself offered little meaningful preparation. In retrospect, it served less as professional development and more as an introduction to a culture (21) ______. The working environment was highly restrictive and closely monitored. Approximately twenty interviewers were confined to narrow, poorly lit booths equipped with outdated technology. Supervisors sat at the centre of the room, silently listening to calls and enforcing strict rules. Any pause between calls (22) ______, and interaction between colleagues was strictly forbidden. Even personal needs, such as visiting the toilet, required formal permission. As a result, time seemed to slow down dramatically, particularly during the long hours before scheduled breaks, creating a constant sense of fatigue and frustration. Choose the option that best completes blank (20).

the possibility of working extended hours

working hours could possibly be extended.

It was possible to extend working hours.

creating the possibility of extended working hours

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the option that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 18 to 22. Although I left university with a solid academic record, the transition into the professional world proved far more challenging than I had anticipated. (18) ______. Eventually, I realised that idealism was a luxury I could no longer afford. Faced with the prospect of serious economic hardship, (19) ______: a position as a market research telephone interviewer. What I assumed would be a temporary solution soon became a prolonged and emotionally demanding experience. The company’s expectations became clear even before my first official day of work. I was required to complete three full days of training without receiving any payment, a condition I found questionable but reluctantly accepted. I justified this decision by focusing on the relatively high hourly wage and (20) ______. Nevertheless, the training itself offered little meaningful preparation. In retrospect, it served less as professional development and more as an introduction to a culture (21) ______. The working environment was highly restrictive and closely monitored. Approximately twenty interviewers were confined to narrow, poorly lit booths equipped with outdated technology. Supervisors sat at the centre of the room, silently listening to calls and enforcing strict rules. Any pause between calls (22) ______, and interaction between colleagues was strictly forbidden. Even personal needs, such as visiting the toilet, required formal permission. As a result, time seemed to slow down dramatically, particularly during the long hours before scheduled breaks, creating a constant sense of fatigue and frustration. Choose the option that best completes blank (21).

in which employees were expected to tolerate unreasonable treatment without complaint

where employees complain if employers expect them to tolerate unfair treatment.

without which employees would complain about unreasonable and intolerable treatment

where employees complain when employers expect too much and tolerate bad treatment.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Gen Z is redefining traditional career paths, placing flexibility and stability above conventional notions of promotion and status. Unlike previous generations, many young workers no longer see climbing the corporate ladder as the ultimate goal. Instead, they focus on long-term employability, financial security, and personal growth. Management positions hold little automatic appeal unless accompanied by meaningful compensation or benefits, highlighting how lifestyle, well-being, and work-life balance have become central to career decisions. This approach is often described as the “career lily pad” mindset. Workers move from one role to another, gaining a variety of skills while avoiding putting all their eggs in one basket. Sectors such as healthcare, hospitality, and skilled trades are particularly attractive because they are less vulnerable to automation and rapid technological change. By carefully navigating opportunities, Gen Z employees balance risk and reward, building diverse experience while protecting their future prospects. Side projects and parallel ventures are an important component of this strategy. Many young professionals use side hustles as stepping stones, acquiring skills and additional income while avoiding rigid, linear career paths. This flexibility allows them to pivot quickly when a role does not align with their values or goals. Far from being disengaged, Gen Z employees carefully choose where to invest their effort. They dedicate themselves to work aligned with their values and leave positions that fail to meet their expectations. For employers, adapting to these preferences is essential. Mentorship, authentic leadership, and opportunities for development are valued far above flashy perks or high-status titles. Organisations that provide meaningful growth, flexibility, and financial independence are better positioned to attract and retain this generation. By understanding Gen Z’s approach, companies can create environments where young workers thrive, demonstrating that ambition today is less about climbing ladders and more about building sustainable, adaptable careers. Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 3: Far from being disengaged, Gen Z employees carefully choose where to invest their effort?

Instead of spreading themselves thin, Gen Z employees concentrate on work aligned with their priorities.

Gen Z employees randomly take on different responsibilities without considering how they align with their priorities.

Gen Z employees avoid any work that requires effort and only do easy tasks that bring quick rewards.

Rather than working on everything they desire to, Gen Z employees focus on tasks that are meaningful to them.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the best answer to each of the following questions from 23 to 30. Gen Z is redefining traditional career paths, placing flexibility and stability above conventional notions of promotion and status. Unlike previous generations, many young workers no longer see climbing the corporate ladder as the ultimate goal. Instead, they focus on long-term employability, financial security, and personal growth. Management positions hold little automatic appeal unless accompanied by meaningful compensation or benefits, highlighting how lifestyle, well-being, and work-life balance have become central to career decisions. This approach is often described as the “career lily pad” mindset. Workers move from one role to another, gaining a variety of skills while avoiding putting all their eggs in one basket. Sectors such as healthcare, hospitality, and skilled trades are particularly attractive because they are less vulnerable to automation and rapid technological change. By carefully navigating opportunities, Gen Z employees balance risk and reward, building diverse experience while protecting their future prospects. Side projects and parallel ventures are an important component of this strategy. Many young professionals use side hustles as stepping stones, acquiring skills and additional income while avoiding rigid, linear career paths. This flexibility allows them to pivot quickly when a role does not align with their values or goals. Far from being disengaged, Gen Z employees carefully choose where to invest their effort. They dedicate themselves to work aligned with their values and leave positions that fail to meet their expectations. For employers, adapting to these preferences is essential. Mentorship, authentic leadership, and opportunities for development are valued far above flashy perks or high-status titles. Organisations that provide meaningful growth, flexibility, and financial independence are better positioned to attract and retain this generation. By understanding Gen Z’s approach, companies can create environments where young workers thrive, demonstrating that ambition today is less about climbing ladders and more about building sustainable, adaptable careers. Which of the following is TRUE according to paragraph 4?

Organisations offering mentorship, authentic leadership, and flexible growth options are likely to retain Gen Z.

Gen Z employees are portrayed as primarily motivated by prestigious titles rather than meaningful growth.

Flashy perks and high-status incentives are described as central motivations keeping many Gen Z employees.

Young workers supposedly value financial independence and well-being less than traditional promotion routes.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer. Passage: Earth’s climate has never been a static backdrop to human history; rather, it has oscillated continuously under the influence of forces both celestial and terrestrial. Long before industrial smokestacks pierced the skyline, temperatures rose and fell in measured cycles, paced largely by variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt. [I] These subtle astronomical shifts, unfolding over tens of thousands of years, regulated the advance and retreat of ice sheets and governed the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods. Crucially, even at their most extreme, such natural fluctuations remained confined within relatively narrow thermal boundaries. In popular discourse, the Sun is frequently portrayed as the prime suspect behind contemporary warming. Yet this narrative collapses under scrutiny. Satellite measurements spanning several decades reveal that solar output follows predictable cycles without exhibiting a sustained upward trend. Meanwhile, global average temperatures continue their steady ascent. The implication is difficult to ignore: although solar energy establishes the baseline conditions for life on Earth, it cannot account for the rapid and persistent warming observed in the modern era. [II] The Sun, it seems, has become a convenient distraction rather than a credible explanation. Equally influential is the planet’s surface itself, which determines how incoming energy is absorbed or reflected. Ice and snow, with their high reflectivity, deflect a significant portion of sunlight back into space. As these surfaces diminish, darker land and ocean areas absorb more heat, intensifying warming through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Volcanic eruptions occasionally interrupt this process by injecting aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily dimming sunlight and cooling the planet. However, such episodes are fleeting, their climatic fingerprints fading within a few years. [III] They are interruptions, not drivers, of long-term change. Carbon dioxide occupies a more complex position in Earth’s climatic history. Ice core records show that its concentration has risen and fallen in tandem with temperature, often amplifying changes initiated by orbital shifts. In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads. Human activities—chiefly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation—have propelled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels far beyond their natural range, and at a pace unmatched in geological records. [IV] This abrupt forcing has tilted the climate system away from its historical equilibrium, underscoring a critical distinction: while climate change itself is ancient, the current trajectory is both anomalous and overwhelmingly anthropogenic. Adapted from: https://www.epa.gov Which of the following best summarises the passage?

Earth’s climate system experienced recurring natural fluctuations, and present warming combines rapid temperature rise with familiar mechanisms involving carbon dioxide.

Earth’s climate has always fluctuated through natural cycles, with modern warming reflecting a rapid phase shaped by both long-standing patterns and rising carbon dioxide levels.

Earth’s climate naturally fluctuated through long-term cycles, yet modern warming is anomalous, rapid, and driven largely by anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions.

Natural climate cycles historically governed temperature change, while recent warming represents an anomalous acceleration of these cycles alongside increased carbon dioxide concentrations.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer. Passage: Earth’s climate has never been a static backdrop to human history; rather, it has oscillated continuously under the influence of forces both celestial and terrestrial. Long before industrial smokestacks pierced the skyline, temperatures rose and fell in measured cycles, paced largely by variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt. [I] These subtle astronomical shifts, unfolding over tens of thousands of years, regulated the advance and retreat of ice sheets and governed the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods. Crucially, even at their most extreme, such natural fluctuations remained confined within relatively narrow thermal boundaries. In popular discourse, the Sun is frequently portrayed as the prime suspect behind contemporary warming. Yet this narrative collapses under scrutiny. Satellite measurements spanning several decades reveal that solar output follows predictable cycles without exhibiting a sustained upward trend. Meanwhile, global average temperatures continue their steady ascent. The implication is difficult to ignore: although solar energy establishes the baseline conditions for life on Earth, it cannot account for the rapid and persistent warming observed in the modern era. [II] The Sun, it seems, has become a convenient distraction rather than a credible explanation. Equally influential is the planet’s surface itself, which determines how incoming energy is absorbed or reflected. Ice and snow, with their high reflectivity, deflect a significant portion of sunlight back into space. As these surfaces diminish, darker land and ocean areas absorb more heat, intensifying warming through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Volcanic eruptions occasionally interrupt this process by injecting aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily dimming sunlight and cooling the planet. However, such episodes are fleeting, their climatic fingerprints fading within a few years. [III] They are interruptions, not drivers, of long-term change. Carbon dioxide occupies a more complex position in Earth’s climatic history. Ice core records show that its concentration has risen and fallen in tandem with temperature, often amplifying changes initiated by orbital shifts. In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads. Human activities—chiefly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation—have propelled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels far beyond their natural range, and at a pace unmatched in geological records. [IV] This abrupt forcing has tilted the climate system away from its historical equilibrium, underscoring a critical distinction: while climate change itself is ancient, the current trajectory is both anomalous and overwhelmingly anthropogenic. Adapted from: https://www.epa.gov Which of the following best paraphrases the underlined sentence in paragraph 4? “In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads.”

Historically carbon reacted to temperature changes, whereas today it actively drives climate trends.

Carbon emissions previously followed warming patterns, but currently warming responds to carbon increases.

In earlier climates carbon and temperature changed together, while modern patterns show carbon dominance.

Past climate shifts involved carbon responses, yet present carbon levels independently initiate warming.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer. Passage: Earth’s climate has never been a static backdrop to human history; rather, it has oscillated continuously under the influence of forces both celestial and terrestrial. Long before industrial smokestacks pierced the skyline, temperatures rose and fell in measured cycles, paced largely by variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt. [I] These subtle astronomical shifts, unfolding over tens of thousands of years, regulated the advance and retreat of ice sheets and governed the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods. Crucially, even at their most extreme, such natural fluctuations remained confined within relatively narrow thermal boundaries. In popular discourse, the Sun is frequently portrayed as the prime suspect behind contemporary warming. Yet this narrative collapses under scrutiny. Satellite measurements spanning several decades reveal that solar output follows predictable cycles without exhibiting a sustained upward trend. Meanwhile, global average temperatures continue their steady ascent. The implication is difficult to ignore: although solar energy establishes the baseline conditions for life on Earth, it cannot account for the rapid and persistent warming observed in the modern era. [II] The Sun, it seems, has become a convenient distraction rather than a credible explanation. Equally influential is the planet’s surface itself, which determines how incoming energy is absorbed or reflected. Ice and snow, with their high reflectivity, deflect a significant portion of sunlight back into space. As these surfaces diminish, darker land and ocean areas absorb more heat, intensifying warming through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Volcanic eruptions occasionally interrupt this process by injecting aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily dimming sunlight and cooling the planet. However, such episodes are fleeting, their climatic fingerprints fading within a few years. [III] They are interruptions, not drivers, of long-term change. Carbon dioxide occupies a more complex position in Earth’s climatic history. Ice core records show that its concentration has risen and fallen in tandem with temperature, often amplifying changes initiated by orbital shifts. In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads. Human activities—chiefly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation—have propelled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels far beyond their natural range, and at a pace unmatched in geological records. [IV] This abrupt forcing has tilted the climate system away from its historical equilibrium, underscoring a critical distinction: while climate change itself is ancient, the current trajectory is both anomalous and overwhelmingly anthropogenic. Adapted from: https://www.epa.gov What can be inferred from the passage?

Current warming resembles certain past climate shifts, though differing significantly in pace and underlying drivers.

Feedback processes amplify warming, though similar mechanisms operated comparably during previous climate periods.

Human activity accelerated climate change beyond natural rhythms, overwhelming historical climatic regulatory mechanisms.

Natural cycles continue affecting climate, while human emissions increasingly shape recent warming patterns.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer. Passage: Earth’s climate has never been a static backdrop to human history; rather, it has oscillated continuously under the influence of forces both celestial and terrestrial. Long before industrial smokestacks pierced the skyline, temperatures rose and fell in measured cycles, paced largely by variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt. [I] These subtle astronomical shifts, unfolding over tens of thousands of years, regulated the advance and retreat of ice sheets and governed the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods. Crucially, even at their most extreme, such natural fluctuations remained confined within relatively narrow thermal boundaries. In popular discourse, the Sun is frequently portrayed as the prime suspect behind contemporary warming. Yet this narrative collapses under scrutiny. Satellite measurements spanning several decades reveal that solar output follows predictable cycles without exhibiting a sustained upward trend. Meanwhile, global average temperatures continue their steady ascent. The implication is difficult to ignore: although solar energy establishes the baseline conditions for life on Earth, it cannot account for the rapid and persistent warming observed in the modern era. [II] The Sun, it seems, has become a convenient distraction rather than a credible explanation. Equally influential is the planet’s surface itself, which determines how incoming energy is absorbed or reflected. Ice and snow, with their high reflectivity, deflect a significant portion of sunlight back into space. As these surfaces diminish, darker land and ocean areas absorb more heat, intensifying warming through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Volcanic eruptions occasionally interrupt this process by injecting aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily dimming sunlight and cooling the planet. However, such episodes are fleeting, their climatic fingerprints fading within a few years. [III] They are interruptions, not drivers, of long-term change. Carbon dioxide occupies a more complex position in Earth’s climatic history. Ice core records show that its concentration has risen and fallen in tandem with temperature, often amplifying changes initiated by orbital shifts. In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads. Human activities—chiefly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation—have propelled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels far beyond their natural range, and at a pace unmatched in geological records. [IV] This abrupt forcing has tilted the climate system away from its historical equilibrium, underscoring a critical distinction: while climate change itself is ancient, the current trajectory is both anomalous and overwhelmingly anthropogenic. Adapted from: https://www.epa.gov Which of the following best summarises paragraph 2?

Satellite data confirm solar energy variations, while average global temperatures steadily rise over decades.

The Sun’s predictable cycles influence climate patterns, whereas temperature rises independently continue worldwide.

Solar output cycles are regular, partially explaining the observed increases in global temperatures currently.

Satellite measurements show solar output follows predictable cycles, yet global warming continues steadily today.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer. Passage: Earth’s climate has never been a static backdrop to human history; rather, it has oscillated continuously under the influence of forces both celestial and terrestrial. Long before industrial smokestacks pierced the skyline, temperatures rose and fell in measured cycles, paced largely by variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt. [I] These subtle astronomical shifts, unfolding over tens of thousands of years, regulated the advance and retreat of ice sheets and governed the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods. Crucially, even at their most extreme, such natural fluctuations remained confined within relatively narrow thermal boundaries. In popular discourse, the Sun is frequently portrayed as the prime suspect behind contemporary warming. Yet this narrative collapses under scrutiny. Satellite measurements spanning several decades reveal that solar output follows predictable cycles without exhibiting a sustained upward trend. Meanwhile, global average temperatures continue their steady ascent. The implication is difficult to ignore: although solar energy establishes the baseline conditions for life on Earth, it cannot account for the rapid and persistent warming observed in the modern era. [II] The Sun, it seems, has become a convenient distraction rather than a credible explanation. Equally influential is the planet’s surface itself, which determines how incoming energy is absorbed or reflected. Ice and snow, with their high reflectivity, deflect a significant portion of sunlight back into space. As these surfaces diminish, darker land and ocean areas absorb more heat, intensifying warming through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Volcanic eruptions occasionally interrupt this process by injecting aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily dimming sunlight and cooling the planet. However, such episodes are fleeting, their climatic fingerprints fading within a few years. [III] They are interruptions, not drivers, of long-term change. Carbon dioxide occupies a more complex position in Earth’s climatic history. Ice core records show that its concentration has risen and fallen in tandem with temperature, often amplifying changes initiated by orbital shifts. In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads. Human activities—chiefly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation—have propelled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels far beyond their natural range, and at a pace unmatched in geological records. [IV] This abrupt forcing has tilted the climate system away from its historical equilibrium, underscoring a critical distinction: while climate change itself is ancient, the current trajectory is both anomalous and overwhelmingly anthropogenic. Adapted from: https://www.epa.gov What does the author imply by calling the Sun “a convenient distraction”?

It diverts attention from human-caused climate change.

It exaggerates climate change driven by natural cycles.

It is a distraction in climate science discussions.

It complicates satellite measurements.

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer. Passage: Earth’s climate has never been a static backdrop to human history; rather, it has oscillated continuously under the influence of forces both celestial and terrestrial. Long before industrial smokestacks pierced the skyline, temperatures rose and fell in measured cycles, paced largely by variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt. [I] These subtle astronomical shifts, unfolding over tens of thousands of years, regulated the advance and retreat of ice sheets and governed the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods. Crucially, even at their most extreme, such natural fluctuations remained confined within relatively narrow thermal boundaries. In popular discourse, the Sun is frequently portrayed as the prime suspect behind contemporary warming. Yet this narrative collapses under scrutiny. Satellite measurements spanning several decades reveal that solar output follows predictable cycles without exhibiting a sustained upward trend. Meanwhile, global average temperatures continue their steady ascent. The implication is difficult to ignore: although solar energy establishes the baseline conditions for life on Earth, it cannot account for the rapid and persistent warming observed in the modern era. [II] The Sun, it seems, has become a convenient distraction rather than a credible explanation. Equally influential is the planet’s surface itself, which determines how incoming energy is absorbed or reflected. Ice and snow, with their high reflectivity, deflect a significant portion of sunlight back into space. As these surfaces diminish, darker land and ocean areas absorb more heat, intensifying warming through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Volcanic eruptions occasionally interrupt this process by injecting aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily dimming sunlight and cooling the planet. However, such episodes are fleeting, their climatic fingerprints fading within a few years. [III] They are interruptions, not drivers, of long-term change. Carbon dioxide occupies a more complex position in Earth’s climatic history. Ice core records show that its concentration has risen and fallen in tandem with temperature, often amplifying changes initiated by orbital shifts. In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads. Human activities—chiefly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation—have propelled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels far beyond their natural range, and at a pace unmatched in geological records. [IV] This abrupt forcing has tilted the climate system away from its historical equilibrium, underscoring a critical distinction: while climate change itself is ancient, the current trajectory is both anomalous and overwhelmingly anthropogenic. Adapted from: https://www.epa.gov According to paragraph 1, natural climate fluctuations were characterised by _____.

slow swings within the limited temperature ranges

irregular shifts causing extreme environmental events

gradual variations without predictable cyclic patterns

measurable oscillations exceeding historical climate bounds

Read the passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the best answer. Passage: Earth’s climate has never been a static backdrop to human history; rather, it has oscillated continuously under the influence of forces both celestial and terrestrial. Long before industrial smokestacks pierced the skyline, temperatures rose and fell in measured cycles, paced largely by variations in Earth’s orbit and axial tilt. [I] These subtle astronomical shifts, unfolding over tens of thousands of years, regulated the advance and retreat of ice sheets and governed the rhythm of glacial and interglacial periods. Crucially, even at their most extreme, such natural fluctuations remained confined within relatively narrow thermal boundaries. In popular discourse, the Sun is frequently portrayed as the prime suspect behind contemporary warming. Yet this narrative collapses under scrutiny. Satellite measurements spanning several decades reveal that solar output follows predictable cycles without exhibiting a sustained upward trend. Meanwhile, global average temperatures continue their steady ascent. The implication is difficult to ignore: although solar energy establishes the baseline conditions for life on Earth, it cannot account for the rapid and persistent warming observed in the modern era. [II] The Sun, it seems, has become a convenient distraction rather than a credible explanation. Equally influential is the planet’s surface itself, which determines how incoming energy is absorbed or reflected. Ice and snow, with their high reflectivity, deflect a significant portion of sunlight back into space. As these surfaces diminish, darker land and ocean areas absorb more heat, intensifying warming through a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Volcanic eruptions occasionally interrupt this process by injecting aerosols into the atmosphere, temporarily dimming sunlight and cooling the planet. However, such episodes are fleeting, their climatic fingerprints fading within a few years. [III] They are interruptions, not drivers, of long-term change. Carbon dioxide occupies a more complex position in Earth’s climatic history. Ice core records show that its concentration has risen and fallen in tandem with temperature, often amplifying changes initiated by orbital shifts. In the past, carbon responded; today, it leads. Human activities—chiefly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation—have propelled atmospheric carbon dioxide levels far beyond their natural range, and at a pace unmatched in geological records. [IV] This abrupt forcing has tilted the climate system away from its historical equilibrium, underscoring a critical distinction: while climate change itself is ancient, the current trajectory is both anomalous and overwhelmingly anthropogenic. Adapted from: https://www.epa.gov According to paragraph 3, which of the following statements about volcanic eruptions is NOT TRUE?

They drive long-term climate change by sustaining continuous atmospheric warming over centuries on Earth.

They inject aerosols that temporarily reduce sunlight, leading to short-lived global cooling effects worldwide.

They interrupt warming trends briefly but do not replace dominant forces shaping modern climate.

Their climatic influence fades within several years, leaving no permanent alteration to temperatures patterns.

G12 25-26

Authored by Happy Learning

English

12th Grade

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

FIFA World Cup 2026: More Than Just Football The FIFA World Cup returns this summer for its 23rd edition, (1) football on the world stage in an unprecedented way. (2) the first time, 48 teams will compete across three host countries: the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The tournament will (3) on June 11 at the historic Estadio Azteca and finish on July 19 in New Jersey. Across one month, 104 matches will bring people together in (4) dynamic cities. Beyond the games, host cities will organize cultural festivals, fan zones, concerts, and food markets that (5) local and international traditions. These cultural experiences may even (6) the show, helping fans connect beyond language and borders. By combining sport, culture, and community, this World Cup promises a once-in-a-lifetime experience that celebrates unity, diversity and the global spirit of football. Adapted from: https://www.nbcnews.com

placing

which is placed

placed

that places

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following announcement and choose the option that best fits blank (2). FIFA World Cup 2026: More Than Just Football The FIFA World Cup returns this summer for its 23rd edition, (1) football on the world stage in an unprecedented way. (2) the first time, 48 teams will compete across three host countries: the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The tournament will (3) on June 11 at the historic Estadio Azteca and finish on July 19 in New Jersey. Across one month, 104 matches will bring people together in (4) dynamic cities. Beyond the games, host cities will organize cultural festivals, fan zones, concerts, and food markets that (5) local and international traditions. These cultural experiences may even (6) the show, helping fans connect beyond language and borders. By combining sport, culture, and community, this World Cup promises a once-in-a-lifetime experience that celebrates unity, diversity and the global spirit of football. Adapted from: https://www.nbcnews.com

For

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following announcement and choose the option that best fits blank (3). FIFA World Cup 2026: More Than Just Football The FIFA World Cup returns this summer for its 23rd edition, (1) football on the world stage in an unprecedented way. (2) the first time, 48 teams will compete across three host countries: the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The tournament will (3) on June 11 at the historic Estadio Azteca and finish on July 19 in New Jersey. Across one month, 104 matches will bring people together in (4) dynamic cities. Beyond the games, host cities will organize cultural festivals, fan zones, concerts, and food markets that (5) local and international traditions. These cultural experiences may even (6) the show, helping fans connect beyond language and borders. By combining sport, culture, and community, this World Cup promises a once-in-a-lifetime experience that celebrates unity, diversity and the global spirit of football. Adapted from: https://www.nbcnews.com

put off

kick off

take off

knock off

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following announcement and choose the option that best fits blank (4). FIFA World Cup 2026: More Than Just Football The FIFA World Cup returns this summer for its 23rd edition, (1) football on the world stage in an unprecedented way. (2) the first time, 48 teams will compete across three host countries: the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The tournament will (3) on June 11 at the historic Estadio Azteca and finish on July 19 in New Jersey. Across one month, 104 matches will bring people together in (4) dynamic cities. Beyond the games, host cities will organize cultural festivals, fan zones, concerts, and food markets that (5) local and international traditions. These cultural experiences may even (6) the show, helping fans connect beyond language and borders. By combining sport, culture, and community, this World Cup promises a once-in-a-lifetime experience that celebrates unity, diversity and the global spirit of football. Adapted from: https://www.nbcnews.com

many

every

much

another

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following announcement and choose the option that best fits blank (5). FIFA World Cup 2026: More Than Just Football The FIFA World Cup returns this summer for its 23rd edition, (1) football on the world stage in an unprecedented way. (2) the first time, 48 teams will compete across three host countries: the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The tournament will (3) on June 11 at the historic Estadio Azteca and finish on July 19 in New Jersey. Across one month, 104 matches will bring people together in (4) dynamic cities. Beyond the games, host cities will organize cultural festivals, fan zones, concerts, and food markets that (5) local and international traditions. These cultural experiences may even (6) the show, helping fans connect beyond language and borders. By combining sport, culture, and community, this World Cup promises a once-in-a-lifetime experience that celebrates unity, diversity and the global spirit of football. Adapted from: https://www.nbcnews.com

commemorate

maintain

establish

celebrate

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the following announcement and choose the option that best fits blank (6). FIFA World Cup 2026: More Than Just Football The FIFA World Cup returns this summer for its 23rd edition, (1) football on the world stage in an unprecedented way. (2) the first time, 48 teams will compete across three host countries: the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The tournament will (3) on June 11 at the historic Estadio Azteca and finish on July 19 in New Jersey. Across one month, 104 matches will bring people together in (4) dynamic cities. Beyond the games, host cities will organize cultural festivals, fan zones, concerts, and food markets that (5) local and international traditions. These cultural experiences may even (6) the show, helping fans connect beyond language and borders. By combining sport, culture, and community, this World Cup promises a once-in-a-lifetime experience that celebrates unity, diversity and the global spirit of football. Adapted from: https://www.nbcnews.com

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Read the leaflet and choose the option that best fits blank (7). STAY SAFE ONLINE: A QUICK SECURITY GUIDE Why Protection Matters Your computer’s security is your first (7) of defense against malware such as viruses and spyware. (8) scans your system, identifies known threats, and removes them safely. (9) , without regular updates, even the best software can become a ticking time bomb, unable to recognise new attacks. Firewalls at Work A firewall, either hardware or software, (10) all internet traffic entering and leaving your device. It blocks unauthorized (11) , stopping malware before it completes its task. Smart User Habits Always look out for emails from unknown senders. Suspicious links or attachments may cause your device (12) malware without your knowledge— delete them immediately. Remember, better safe than sorry. Adapted from: https://www.bbc.co.uk

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