The Early Civil Rights Movement and Desegregation

Which constitutional change ended slavery in the United States after the Civil War?

• Fourteenth Amendment protected equal legal process

• Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery nationwide

• Nineteenth Amendment expanded women’s suffrage

• Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed voting rights

Plessy v. Ferguson established which doctrine that shaped segregation policies for decades?

• Voting protections for all minorities

• Federal control over state education

• Immediate integration of public facilities

• Separate but equal legalized racial separation

What key reasoning did the Supreme Court use in Brown v. Board of Education regarding public schools?

• Segregated schools can be equal with sufficient funding

• Desegregation must occur only at the college level

• Education policy belongs only to individual states

• Separate schools are inherently unequal and violate the Fourteenth Amendment

Which organization, founded in 1909, coordinated legal challenges like Sweatt v. Painter and Brown v. Board of Education?

• NAACP organized legal strategy for civil rights

• AFL-CIO supported labor desegregation efforts

• HUD oversaw federal housing integration

• UNESCO promoted international education rights

During the Little Rock Crisis of 1957, what federal action ultimately enabled the nine students to enter Central High School?

• The Supreme Court issued a new emergency ruling

• The governor reversed his earlier deployment

• Congress passed immediate nationwide integration

• Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard

Which organization did Martin Luther King, Jr. lead that coordinated nonviolent protests during the Civil Rights Movement?

• Congress of Racial Equality

• Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

• Southern Christian Leadership Conference

• National Association for the Advancement

What immediate event sparked the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955?

• Violent attack on Freedom Riders in Alabama

• Arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing a seat

• Supreme Court ruling on bus segregation

• Passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

How did the Black Panther Party’s approach differ from SCLC’s methods?

• Rejected community service and food programs

• Promoted segregation to maintain order

• Focused solely on school desegregation efforts

• Advocated armed self-defense over nonviolence

Which strategy best explains why sit-ins at lunch counters were effective against segregation?

• Support from federal troops at diners

• Immediate changes mandated by governors

• Economic pressure from sustained boycotts

• Secret negotiations with store owners

Why did Freedom Riders continue despite violent attacks and arrests?

• To enforce desegregation rulings on interstate travel

• To campaign for presidential elections in the South

• To protest school busing in northern cities

• To oppose the Voting Rights Act provisions