Supreme Court Impact on Power

Which of the following best describes the concept of judicial review established by *Marbury v. Madison* (1803)?

• The power of Congress to overturn presidential decisions

• The authority of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional

• The right of citizens to challenge government actions in court

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Under Chief Justice John Marshall, the Supreme Court's decisions generally supported which of the following?

• Expanding the power of state governments over the federal government

• Strengthening national power and promoting economic growth

• Reducing the authority of Congress to make laws

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In *Marbury v. Madison*, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that a section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional. What skill or concept does this ruling best demonstrate?

• The concept that the President has final authority over the courts

• The concept that the Supreme Court can interpret and strike down laws that conflict with the Constitution

• The concept that Congress can override Supreme Court decisions

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Which of the following cases decided under Chief Justice John Marshall helped establish federal supremacy over state laws ?

• Gibbons v. Ogden

• McCulloch v. Maryland

• Marbury v. Madison

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The decision in *Marbury v. Madison* established that the Supreme Court has the power of judicial review. Which branch of government does this power most directly check?

• The Executive Branch only

• The Legislative Branch only

• Both the Legislative and Executive Branches

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John Marshall's ruling in *Gibbons v. Ogden* (1824) expanded federal authority over interstate trade and commerce. Which concept does this ruling best reflect?

• States have the primary power to regulate trade within their borders

• The federal government has broad authority to regulate trade between states

• Congress cannot make laws that interfere with private business contracts

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Before *Marbury v. Madison*, the power of judicial review was not explicitly stated in the Constitution. How did Chief Justice Marshall's decision change the role of the Supreme Court in the American government?

• It reduced the Supreme Court's role to only hearing cases involving foreign nations

• It established the Supreme Court as the final authority on the constitutionality of laws

• It allowed the Supreme Court to appoint members of Congress

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Which of the following best describes how John Marshall's Supreme Court decisions impacted economic growth in the early United States?

• By limiting federal involvement, Marshall allowed states to develop their own economic systems independently

• By strengthening federal power over trade, Marshall created a more stable national economic environment

• By supporting state banks over the national bank, Marshall encouraged local economic development

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In *McCulloch v. Maryland*, the state of Maryland attempted to tax the Second Bank of the United States. Marshall ruled this unconstitutional. Which concept does this ruling best apply?

• States have the right to tax any institution operating within their borders

• The federal government is supreme over state governments in matters of constitutional authority

• Congress cannot create a national bank without approval from all states

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Which of the following statements best explains why *Marbury v. Madison* is considered one of the most important Supreme Court cases in American history?

• It was the first case to involve a dispute between two states

• It established the principle of judicial review, giving the Court lasting power to check the other branches

• It resolved a conflict between the President and Congress over foreign policy

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