Exploring DNA Mutations: Types and Causes

What are common factors that increase the risk of mutations?

• Antioxidants

• Antibiotics

• Vitamins

• Carcinogens and radiation

What is a codon?

• A type of protein

• A sequence of three DNA bases

• A form of mutation

• A type of gene

What might be a consequence of a mutation in a gene coding for a protein?

• No change in the protein function

• Complete loss of the gene

• Change in the protein's shape or function

• Increase in DNA replication speed

How can a mutation affect an enzyme's function?

• By increasing the enzyme's activity

• By enhancing substrate binding

• By changing the enzyme's active site shape

• By decreasing the DNA's overall length

What is the effect of mutations on enzyme activity?

• They increase enzyme-substrate affinity

• They always deactivate enzymes

• They have no effect on enzymes

• They can alter the shape of the active site

Where do most mutations occur?

• In mitochondrial DNA

• In RNA sequences

• In coding DNA

• In non-coding DNA

What is the role of non-coding DNA in gene expression?

• It prevents mutations

• It is not involved in gene expression

• It regulates gene expression

• It codes for essential proteins

What is a substitution mutation?

• Insertion of a new base

• Duplication of a base

• Replacement of one base with another

• Deletion of a base

What happens in an insertion mutation?

• A base is added, shifting the sequence

• A base is removed, altering the DNA sequence

• All bases are duplicated

• A base is replaced, causing minimal changes

How does a deletion mutation differ from an insertion mutation?

• It involves removing a base, not adding

• It does not change the DNA sequence

• It increases genetic diversity

• It leads to a shorter protein sequence