Pulmonary ventilation involves air movement in and out of the lungs, governed by gas laws. Breathing mechanics include inspiration, requiring muscle contraction, and expiration, which is passive. Respiratory pressures, such as intrapulmonary and intrapleural, are crucial for lung function. Conditions like emphysema affect elasticity, while diseases like asthma increase resistance. Lung compliance and airflow resistance are key factors in breathing efficiency.

What is the primary principle that governs the flow of air during breathing?

• Air flows from cooler to warmer areas

• Air flows from lower to higher pressure

• Air flows from warmer to cooler areas

• Air flows from higher to lower pressure

What happens to the pressure inside the lungs at rest between breaths?

• It is lower than atmospheric pressure

• It fluctuates randomly

• It equals atmospheric pressure

• It is higher than atmospheric pressure

What is the role of negative intrapleural pressure?

• To keep the lungs inflated

• To decrease lung volume

• To increase lung volume

• To collapse the lungs

During inspiration, what happens to the thoracic cavity?

• It collapses

• It expands and increases in volume

• It remains unchanged

• It contracts and decreases in volume

What is the primary factor that facilitates inhalation on a cool day?

• Increased air pressure

• Decreased air pressure

• Warming of inhaled air

• Cooling of inhaled air

What is the main characteristic of quiet expiration?

• It is an active process

• It involves muscle contraction

• It requires energy expenditure

• It is a passive process

What does high lung compliance indicate?

• Lungs are stiff and hard to inflate

• Lungs are easy to inflate

• Lungs have high resistance

• Lungs have low elasticity

What condition can cause the lungs to become stiff?

• Asthma

• Bronchitis

• Fibrosis

• Emphysema

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the bronchioles?

• Dilates bronchioles and increases airflow

• Constricts bronchioles and decreases airflow

• Has no effect on bronchioles

• Increases lung compliance

Which hormone is released during exercise to increase airflow?

• Insulin

• Epinephrine

• Histamine

• Cortisol