Kingdom Plantae - Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms are seed-bearing, non-flowering plants with exposed seeds. They include conifers, cycads, Gnetales, and Ginkgo. Gymnosperms have taproots with symbiotic associations, and their leaves are adapted to reduce water loss. The main plant body is a sporophyte, and they produce microspores and megaspores on cones. The reproductive process involves pollen grains contacting ovules, leading to fertilization and embryo development.

What is the meaning of the term 'gymnosperm'?

• Flowering plant

• Vascular plant

• Naked seed

• Covered seed

Which of the following is considered a living fossil among gymnosperms?

• Gnetales

• Conifers

• Cycads

• Ginkgo

What type of roots do cycas have?

• Adventitious roots

• Fibrous roots

• Taproots with mycorrhiza

• Coralloid roots with cyanobacteria

In gymnosperms, where are the microspores and megaspores produced?

• In roots

• In male and female cones

• In leaves

• In flowers

How does the pollen grain reach the female gametophyte in gymnosperms?

• Through water

• By wind

• Via a pollen tube

• By insects