Genetics and Evolution Concepts

The video explores the fascinating history of mitochondria and chloroplasts, highlighting their origins through endosymbiotic theory. It discusses the role of symbiosis in cell evolution, the contributions of scientists like Lynn Margulis, and the concept of horizontal gene transfer. The video also delves into tracing human ancestry using mitochondrial DNA, explaining how it provides insights into our evolutionary past.

What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

• To synthesize proteins

• To produce energy

• To store genetic information

• To transport nutrients

Who first proposed the endosymbiotic theory?

• Robert Hooke

• Constantin Mereschkowski

• Charles Darwin

• Lynn Margulis

What type of symbiotic relationship is harmful to one organism?

• Neutral

• Mutualistic

• Parasitic

• Commensal

What is horizontal gene transfer?

• Loss of genetic material

• Mutation of genes over time

• Exchange of genetic material between different species

• Transfer of genes from parent to offspring

What percentage of human DNA is made up of old virus DNA?

• 2%

• 5%

• 10%

• 8%

How is mitochondrial DNA inherited?

• From both parents

• Only from the father

• Randomly from either parent

• Only from the mother

What is the molecular clock used for?

• Determining the lifespan of organisms

• Calculating the speed of genetic mutations

• Estimating the time of evolutionary events

• Measuring the age of fossils

What is the significance of endogenous retroviruses in human DNA?

• They cause diseases

• They are used for energy production

• They help trace evolutionary ancestry

• They are responsible for protein synthesis

What is fixation in the context of DNA mutations?

• A mutation that disappears over time

• A mutation that spreads throughout a population

• A mutation that causes a disease

• A mutation that is beneficial to an organism

Where did the common ancestor of all humans likely live?

• Australia

• Europe

• Africa

• Asia