Chromatin, DNA Replication, and Mutations

This video tutorial continues the DNA chapter, focusing on chromosomes and chromatin. It explains how chromatin helps pack DNA into chromosomes, the structure of chromatin, and the role of histones and nucleosomes. The video also covers the DNA replication process, including the steps and enzymes involved, such as helicase, polymerase, and ligase. Additionally, it describes how DNA codes for proteins through the genetic code and discusses mutations, their types, and potential effects on organisms.

What is the primary role of chromatin in a cell?

• To transport nutrients across the cell membrane

• To pack DNA into a compact structure

• To synthesize proteins

• To provide energy for cellular processes

What are histones?

• Carbohydrates that store energy

• Lipids that form cell membranes

• Proteins that DNA wraps around

• Enzymes that replicate DNA

What is a nucleosome composed of?

• A group of enzymes

• A pair of chromosomes

• Eight histone proteins

• A single DNA strand

Which enzyme is responsible for unzipping the DNA helix during replication?

• Polymerase

• Transcriptase

• Ligase

• Helicase

What is meant by semi-conservative replication?

• Each new DNA molecule contains one old and one new strand

• DNA is replicated without any changes

• Both strands of DNA are completely new

• DNA replication occurs only in one direction

How many nucleotides code for a single amino acid?

• One

• Three

• Four

• Two

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

• To transport amino acids

• To replicate DNA

• To break down proteins

• To serve as a template for protein synthesis

What is a frameshift mutation?

• A substitution of one amino acid for another

• An insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame

• A change in a single nucleotide

• A duplication of a DNA segment

Which type of mutation involves the replacement of one nucleotide with another?

• Insertion

• Deletion

• Duplication

• Substitution

What can be the potential effects of a mutation?

• Always beneficial

• Always harmful

• Always neutral

• Can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral