Expectancy Theory

Victor Vroom's expectancy theory, developed in the 1960s, explores how individuals are motivated by expected outcomes. The theory identifies three key elements: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Expectancy is the belief that effort leads to performance, instrumentality is the belief that performance leads to outcomes, and valence is the value placed on those outcomes. Understanding these elements can help managers motivate employees by aligning efforts with desired rewards.

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