6.6 - Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

compartamentalization

unicellular

membrane bound organelles

Cytoplasm

nucleus

Cell membrane

no organelles

Ribosomes

thousands ofgenes

specialized cells

many chromosomes

trillions of cells

1 chromosome

multicellular

DNA

Cell specialization is the process by which cells with identical DNA develop into distinct types with specific functions unique to the cell's niche.

condense DNA into chromosomes

methyl group added to histone

loosens DNA for transcription

acetyl group added to histone

binds DNA tightly so transcription cannot occur

loose chromatin

condensed chromatin

proteins used to wrap DNA

allows transcription

prevents transcription

UV Radiation

acetlyation

methylation

methanogen exposure

mutations

replication

histone wrapping

enzymatic digestion

responsible for cellular differentitation

proteins expressed based on the packaging of the DNA

cells develop a niche depending on chemical signals from surrounding cells

reversible chemical modification of DNA

cells express the proteins specific to a specialized tissue

multiple DNA sequences

mediator protein

bending protein

DNA sequences

RNA polymerase

regulatory protein

operator

transcription factors

single DNA sequence

operon

promoter

activator protein

Common regulatory sequences that share the same receptors, but are found in different types of cells, express different proteins.

can be organized

interveining

makes RNA more stable

expressed in protein

protects mRNA from enzyme digestion by assisting in leaving nucelus

assists mRNA to bind to ribosomes

transcripted into pre-RNA

delays enzymatic breakdown in the cytoplasm

snipped out from final mRNA transcript

Exons can be spliced together in alternative ways to produce multiple protien versions of the same RNA transcript

Introns can be spliced together in alternative ways to produce multiple protien versions of the same RNA transcript