Philo

Even at the most generous estimate, what percentage of species that have ever lived are represented in the fossil record?

• 1-5%

• 1-15%

• 15-25%

• 25-50%

What concept did Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldredge propose in 1972 to describe the pattern of change in the fossil record?

• Gradualism

• Punctuated Equilibrium

• Natural Selection

• Common Ancestry

Which of the following is considered a proposed mechanism within Neo-Darwinism, rather than an underlying assumption?

• Gradualism

• Genealogical view of the fossil record

• Ultimate common ancestry

• Natural selection acting on random mutation

According to Christian Schwabe's "Genomic Potential Hypothesis," what does biological diversity represent?

• A gradual development over time.

• An initial condition at the origin of life.

• A result of natural selection.

• A branching tree of life.

What scientific concepts are Massimo Pigliucci and Gerd Müller exploring in their research?

• Epigenetics and genomic plasticity.

• Natural selection and random mutation.

• Mendelian inheritance and population genetics.

• Punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.

How do the new scientific approaches discussed relate to orthodox Darwinian assumptions?

• They completely abandon all Darwinian principles.

• They aim to extend the evolutionary thesis while doing things inherently anti-Darwinian.

• They strictly adhere to the modern synthesis of the 1940s.

• They focus on proving the literal truth of neo-Darwinism.

What is a key characteristic of the fossil record when viewed through a non-Darwinian construct, according to the speaker?

• It primarily shows a clear, unbroken genealogical lineage.

• It suggests that similar-looking fossils may have different origins, as seen in convergent evolution.

• It confirms that all life forms share a single common ancestor.

• It emphasizes the role of random mutations in species diversification.

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What philosophical framework does the speaker propose for interpreting the origin of life and natural history, contrasting it with naturalism?

• Empirical constructivist anti-realism.

• Metaphysical naturalism.

• Theism, supported by intelligent design arguments.

• Atheistic multiverse theory.

Why is chemical necessity insufficient to explain the information found in DNA?

• Chemical necessity dictates that only specific nucleic acids can bind at certain points, limiting coding freedom.

• The phosphate backbone of DNA is chemically constrained, preventing the formation of complex codes.

• Chemical necessity would lead to a fixed sequence of nucleic acids, unable to carry diverse information.

• DNA's structure is too simple for chemical necessity to play a significant role in its coding.