Which of the following categories are considered key determinants influencing the likelihood and spread of disease outbreaks?

• Biological, psychological, and technological

• Social, economic, and environmental

• Genetic, cultural, and political

• Historical, geographical, and medical

What is the term for diseases that originate in animals and then spread to humans?

• Epidemic transfer

• Pathogen migration

• Zoonotic spillover

• Infection crossover

How can rapid population growth in cities contribute to the spread of infectious diseases?

• By increasing access to advanced medical treatments.

• By leading to overcrowded living conditions and poor sanitation.

• By reducing the overall number of human-animal interactions.

• By encouraging more international travel and global connections.

How does social stigma related to certain behaviors impact the management of infectious diseases?

• It encourages individuals to seek early diagnosis and treatment.

• It promotes open discussion about disease transmission routes.

• It prevents affected individuals from seeking help and hinders prevention efforts.

• It leads to increased government funding for public health campaigns.

What is one way that globalization contributes to the spread of pathogens across the world?

• Increased trade of goods and services.

• The use of ballast water in shipping.

• More people traveling for tourism.

• The exchange of cultural ideas.

What is the primary source of over 60% of emerging infectious diseases?

• Contaminated food and water.

• Human contact with animals.

• Airborne transmission in crowded spaces.

• Genetic mutations in existing viruses.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, why were social distancing guidelines less effective in low-income neighborhoods compared to high-income neighborhoods?

• Lack of awareness about the guidelines.

• Higher population density in low-income areas.

• More residents in low-income areas had jobs requiring them to work outside their homes and interact with others.

• Limited access to healthcare facilities.

How can deforestation lead to an increase in disease outbreaks in human populations?

• It reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

• It causes animals to move closer to human settlements, increasing human-animal contact.

• It leads to soil erosion, contaminating water sources.

• It contributes to global warming, creating new breeding grounds for pathogens.