Translation

What are peptides often referred to as in the context of protein synthesis?

• A type of cell

• Baby proteins

• Molecules that carry oxygen

• Genetic information carriers

What is the primary role of mRNA in the process of protein building?

• Storing all genetic information within the nucleus

• Building new cells and initiating chemical reactions

• Carrying instructions from DNA to build proteins

• Transporting amino acids directly to the cell's bloodstream

What are the three-letter sequences on an mRNA strand that specify particular amino acids or signal the end of a protein sequence?

• Nucleotides

• Anticodons

• Ribosomes

• Codons

Which type of RNA molecule is responsible for bringing specific amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?

• DNA

• Messenger RNA (mRNA)

• Transfer RNA (tRNA)

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

During the termination phase of translation, what event signals the end of protein synthesis?

• The ribosome encounters a start codon.

• The ribosome releases the newly formed amino acid chain.

• A new tRNA molecule binds to the A-site.

• The mRNA molecule is degraded.

Animal cells are significantly more efficient at synthesizing proteins than current laboratory methods. Approximately how much faster can animal cells add amino acids to a peptide chain compared to the fastest lab methods?

• About 5 times faster

• About 10 times faster

• About 200 times faster

• About 1800 times faster

What is the correct sequence of events in the central dogma of molecular biology, leading to a functional protein?

• DNA is translated into RNA, which is transcribed into a polypeptide, then folded into a protein.

• DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into a polypeptide, then folded into a protein.

• RNA is transcribed from DNA, then translated into a protein, which forms a polypeptide.

• A polypeptide is formed from RNA, then folded into DNA, which becomes a protein.

What modification was crucial for making lab-grown mRNA effective for use in vaccines, preventing the immune system from rejecting it?

• Increasing the overall length of the mRNA molecule.

• Adding a specific molecule found in natural mRNA.

• Encapsulating the mRNA in a protein shell.

• Using a different type of sugar in the mRNA backbone.