Virginia’s legislative assembly that was similar to England’s Parliament.  It was the first elected assembly in the “New World.”

Uprising by landless Virginia settlers who wanted the governor to take harsher action against Native Americans so more land would be available to the colonists. As a result of this event, many landowners turned to using more slaves rather than indentured servants.

Causes of the this event in colonial Massachusetts included extreme religious faith, stress from a growing population and its bad relations with Native Americans, and the narrow opportunities for women and girls to participate in Puritan society.

Voyage that brought African Americans to the West Indies and North America

A religious revival in American colonies during 1730s and 1740s

An early and bloody conflict between English colonists and Native Americans. It caused such a heavy loss of life among the Native American population that large areas of southern New England became English settlements.

Puritan ministers feared its children born in America were not developing a personal relationship with God so they encouraged this as a way to allow partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of the original Puritans.

This colony was settled by the Dutch and later conquered by the British.  Its harbor and river systems contributed to its economic growth and allowed it to grow into a major center of trade and commerce. 

France, like its European rival, Great Britain, settled colonies to secure the valuable natural resources of North America and export them to Europe.  This was the first permanent French settlement in North America.

This theory held that Earth had a limited supply of wealth in the form of natural resources, especially gold and silver, so the best way to become a stronger nation was to acquire the most wealth. It inspired the British government to view its American colonies as sources of wealth that would make Britain wealthier and stronger. (Gain wealth and power by finding gold and silver or taking colonies = resources) 

Puritans were not tolerant of religious beliefs that differed from their own. This colony was founded by religious dissenters from Massachusetts who were more tolerant of different religious beliefs.

War between British and French/Indians for control of the Ohio Valley – Called the Seven Years War in England

British order prohibiting American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to limit their conflicts with Native Americans.

First direct taxation of goods and services in the British colonies

Series of laws enacted by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish Mass. Colonist for the Boston Tea Party

Secret resistance group against the British during the American Revolution

Group set up by colonists to exchange information about British threats to liberty

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine attacking King George III and arguing for American independence

Document written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776 that declared the colonies independent from Britain

This event on Christmas night 1776 allowed Washington to stage a surprise attack on British forces. It proved Washington’s army could fight as well as an experienced European army and marked a turning point in the Revolutionary War.

This is where Washington and his troops spent the winter of 1777-1778. Despite harsh conditions and suffering, Washington’s intense training program turned the Continental Army into a capable infantry with the help of foreigners like the Marquis de LaFayette.

Here, General Cornwallis’ forces were attacked by the combined French and American armies and the French fleet. Cut off from any reinforcements, Cornwallis was forced to surrender and the American Revolution came to an end.

This was the first government of the United States. It had several weaknesses:  no Executive, no Judiciary, national government could not collect taxes, regulate commerce, or establish a national currency.

This document creates our current federal form of government and includes such key principles as limited government, separation of powers, and checks and balances.

The Anti-Federalists demanded this addition to the Constitution – which would protect individual and states’ rights.

One key argument of the Federalists was factions would be kept under control by this -- a term which means giving the branches of government the power to oversee or “checkup” on each other.  (For example, even though Congress may pass laws, they don’t become a law until the President signs it.  Then the Supreme Court may declare that law passed by Congress and the President unconstitutional and strike it down.

Settled the representation debate. Decided in the House, states would be represented based on the population of the state; in the Senate, representation would be equal between the states.

The Framers copied this idea of French philosopher Charles de Montesquieu when they divided the power of government into three branches

Determined that southern states would count three-fifths of their slaves as population when determining representation in the House.

This protest of farmers in Pennsylvania over a new tax was ultimately ended by Washington sending the federal army. It was important because it showed the new government under the Constitution had the power and WOULD enforce its laws.

Both Washington and Adams struggled to maintain THIS in the war between France and Britain.  It became America’s first foreign policy and remained until the 1900s.

Series of newspaper articles written by Hamilton, Madison and Jay to support ratification of the Constitution.

In his farewell address, Washing warned against forming these – claiming they would serve to divide the nation instead of unite it.  However, differences over the power of the new national government and the direction the country should take made them inevitable.

This law encouraged westward expansion by organizing new states that would be equal members of the Union.  It also banned slavery in this territory and mandated public schools.

Greatest land deal in US history.  The US received control of the port of New Orleans and doubled its size when Napoleon agreed to sell this territory for $15 million. 

This journey was commissioned by Thomas Jefferson to chart the Louisiana territory and record facts about the various Native American tribes.

One cause of this event was the British policy of impressment. A major result was the end of all US hostility with Great Britain and a heightened sense of nationalism in the US.

Most famous “artificial river” built in 1925 which connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean which increased westward settlement and led to the rise of New York City.

In 1823, President James Monroe warned the nations of Europe not to meddle in the politics of North and South America with famous document.- No new European Colonies – colonies must be given independence and we will stay out of Europe

Process of making goods in factories with machines instead of in homes

Belief that God wanted the US to expand and control the whole north American continent

Convention held in 1848 to promote women’s rights

Time period that emphasized expanding suffrage, the rise of popular political culture, and in increase in American nationalism.

Conflict between the national government under Jackson and the state of South Carolina over tariffs

1820 agreement that settled the slavery issued by dividing the Louisiana territory at the 36 °30’  line

Proposal that would prohibit slavery in any territory that the US gained in the Mexican War

Agreement that was developed concerning slavery in the territories obtained from Mexico, California statehood, and the return of runaway slaves.

Supreme Ct. decision that said that slavery COULD NOT be outlawed in any territory

The idea that the people living in a territory would decide (vote) whether or not to allow slavery

Territory where several years of fighting broke out over the issue of slavery and showed the failure of popular sovereignty

Lincoln’s statement that freed slaves in the Confederate states and kept Britain from aiding the Confederacy

Union victory at this battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River

Major Civil War Battle in Pennsylvania that was a huge loss for the South

The first shots of the Civil War were fired by the South as they attempted to remove Union troops from this fort

Constitutional right that Lincoln “suspended” (violated) during the Civil War, meaning that a person cannot be imprisoned without knowing the charge against them. – a person loses his or her natural rights

Form of Reconstruction that placed southern states under military rule

Agency created during Reconstruction to assist former slaves in their transition from slavery to freedom

College established in Atlanta in 1867 for the education of African Americans

Amendment that ended slavery

Amendment that defined citizenship and guaranteed it to former slaves

Amendment that gave the right to vote to all male citizens over 21, removed voting restrictions based on race

Encouraged settlement of the west and aided the rise of Big Business and industrial growth in the US and created conflict between settlers and Native Americans.

Last major battle between Native Americans and US army.

When a single company controls the production of a product – either through vertical or horizontal integration.

New Immigrants from eastern and southern Europe came through here in New York Harbor.

Formed to help workers gain better working conditions and better pay (Such as the AFL)

Samuel Gompers led this labor union for unskilled workers and used strikes to convince employers to give workers better pay and working conditions.

Supreme Court upheld the separate-but-equal doctrine which allowed for segregation in the U.S. with this court case

Journalists who exposed the problems in society through investigated journalism at the turn of the century.

Jane Addams established this as a social service agency to help recent immigrants and working-class citizens learn about home economics, basic medical care, the English.

This prevented government officials from ignoring the desires of citizens by allowing supporters of a new law to collect signatures to force a public vote on the issue.

Calls for election of senators by the people (direct election)

Group that formed as a response for the need to achieve equality for the black people in this country.

Written by Upton Sinclair, this book exposed the problems in the meat packing industry and led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act.

This election reform enables voters to get rid of politicians who are unsatisfactory, without waiting for a complete election cycle.

Muckraker who targeted Standard Oil, which led to its break-up by the Supreme Court.

This president was a life-long naturalist and avid hunter who created the National Forest Service and five national parks during his presidency.