A hot, turbulent mixture of expanding gases and volcanic ash that flows rapidly down the side of a volcano.

The movement of magma from deep in the Earth to the surface due to changes in density.

The ______ is the largest of the Earth's interior layers.

The outermost part of Earth's layers.

Earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and floods are examples of ________.

The crust and uppermost part of the mantle make up the ________.

What are the two types of crust?

What are the two engines that power the Earth?

The lithosphere is broken up into _______ plates.

The plate boundary where tectonic plates move together.

Rocks at the Earth's surface are broken down into _____.

This word means to "turn to stone".

The process where rocks are broken down by wind, water, and ice.

Sedimentary rocks are formed by these processes.

What is the geologic age of the Earth?

How long ago did the dinosaurs die out?

An atom is called an ______ if it has a different number of neutrons than protons.

What are the two most abundant elements in Earth's crust?

What two groups of minerals form flat plates with one direction of cleavage?

The natural ability for a mineral to break along directional planes is called _____.

The softest mineral on Moh's Hardness scale is ____.

The hardest mineral on Moh's Hardness scale is ____.

Of all the elements on Earth, ______ is the most abundant.

Igneous rocks that solidify at the surface of the Earth are called _____.

Igneous rocks that solidify in the interior of the Earth are called _____.

Igneous rocks that are dark in color are called _____.

Igneous rocks that are light in color are called _____.

_____ are extremely course-grained igneous rocks with very large crystals.

If igneous rocks cool deep in the Earth, the crystals tend to be ______.

If igneous rocks cool quickly at the surface of the Earth, the crystals tend to be ______.

_____ are igneous intrusions that are parallel to the layers of the country rock.

What is the sequence of crystallization along the discontinuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series?

The _____ of a fluid determines how easily it can flow.

The term ____ refers to molten rock that cools at the Earth's surface.

What type of volcano has very gentle slopes and are typically non-explosive (The Hawaiian Islands)

What type of volcano has steep slopes, and tend to be very explosive.

What three factors determines the viscosity of lava?

Will a volcano be more explosive or less explosive if the silica content of the magma is high?

What is the most common mafic rock on Earth?

A ______ is the volcanic depression that forms when the top of a volcano collapses.

This volcanic rock has so much void space that it can actually float in water.

Ropy basaltic lava is called _____ and chunky or blocky basaltic lava is called _____.

A process where rocks are broken apart by cycles of freezing and thawing.

What is the most common weathered material (found at the beach).

What is the acronym to remember the layers of soil?

The topmost layer of soil that contains lots of organic matter is called the ___ layer.

Shale, when metamorphosed becomes _____.

Sandstone, when metamorphosed becomes _____.

This type of metamorphism occurs near the boundary of a magma chamber and the country rock it is intruding.

Limestone, when metamorphosed becomes _____.

This type of metamorphism occurs over very large areas (greater than 5 km).

This process forms igneous rocks

Pink granite contains these three minerals.

These are huge ocean waves that are caused by the displacement of the sea floor, and are commonly associated with large earthquakes.

The tectonic plates of the Earth move on a "plastic-like" zone called the _____.

The atomic mass number of an atom is the _____ plus _____.

The mineral in the continuous phase of Bowen's Reaction Series is ____.