Early members of the reptiliomorph lineage were the first to produce

This group of animals includes only two extant species.

All extant reptiles are members of the Diapsida; however, one group of reptiles has secondarily returned to the anapsid skull condition. Which group of extant reptiles has an anapsid skull?

The common ancestor of mammals and reptiles had a(n) _________ skull.

All modern reptiles (including birds) are members of the _______ lineage. They are derived from ancestors that had upper and lower openings in the temporal region of the skull.

The skin of reptiles

Lizards and snakes may lose their tails to escape from predators, this process is known as

Reptiles have a skin with scales made of

According to cladistics interpretations, the traditional class Reptilia is a paraphyletic assemblage because it excludes this group of animals.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of reptiles?

Most reptiles lack vocal cords; indeed, vocalizations are only important to

Members of three of the four living orders of reptiles are found on all continents EXCEPT.

Turtles belong to the reptilian order

The dorsal portion of a turtle shell is called the

The __________ makes up the ventral portion of the turtle shell.

Worm lizards belong to the reptilian order

Lizards belong to the suborder

Which of the following is a venomous lizard?

The __________ are distinguished from all other vertebrates by the presence of a single median tooth in the upper jaw.

Tuataras have an extremely limited distribution; they are now limited only to a few islands off the shore of

The tuatara belongs to the reptilian order

In the archosaur lineage, the evolution of the skull led to an elongated snout and the formation of a _____________ that separates the nasal and mouth passageways. This structure is best developed in modern crocodiles.

The first cervical vertebra of a reptile is the __________ which articulates with a single condyle on the skull.

Crocodilians are oviparous and display parental care of young that parallels that of

The first cervical vertebra of a reptile is the __________ which articulates with a single condyle on the skull.

Venom glands of snakes are modified

Sea turtles utilize ________ as an aid to navigation to nesting beaches.

The ventricular septum of the heart is complete only in the _________ reptiles.

Most living nonavian reptiles are

In snakes and some lizards, upper and lower eyelids become fused in the embryo to form a protective window of clear skin, the

Among reptiles, a form of asexual reproduction known as __________ has been described in six families of lizards and one species of snake.

Reptiles that are usually solitary may migrate to common sites called __________ to spend the winter.

Enlargement of cerebral hemispheres in reptiles is associated with

__________ are used to analyze odor molecules brought into a snake's mouth by its forked tongue.

Many lizards possess glands associated with the eyes. These glands function along with the excretory system in ridding the body of excess ________.

Which of the following groups of animals is NOT in the archosaur lineage?

The evolution of the synapsid amniote lineage resulted in modifications of the jaws and teeth, the incorporation of 2 more bones into the middle ear (in addition to the stapes), and elongation of legs to hold the body higher off the ground. This lineage includes modern-day _________.

Snakes and lizards are superficially dissimilar. Which of the following is one reason that both are classified in the order Squamata?

The skin of amphibians is an adaptation to their “double life.” The skin of reptiles is an adaptation to life apart from water. All of the following pairings help explain why the former statement is true except one. Select the exception.

Snakes are unique among all reptiles in the structure of their skull and jaws and in their feeding methods. Which of the following are true ONLY for snakes? Check all that apply.

Which of the following designations applies to 4-legged “crown group” descendants in the sarcopterygian lineage. Recall that “crown group” refers to 4-legged extant animals and their closest common ancestor.

A fossil often depicted as an example of an early amphibian is

When the amphibians first moved onto land, there was

Salamanders belong to the amphibian order

The most fully terrestrial salamanders belong to the family

Members of the salamander family Salamandridae are commonly called

Female salamanders have a special pouch, the __________, in which sperm are stored.

Fertilization is always internal in caecilians; larval stages are often

Caecilians belong to the amphibian order

Larval stages of frogs and toads are usually referred to as

Frogs and toads belong to the amphibian order

True toads belong to the family

Members of the amphibian order Anura have the tail vertebrae fused into a rodlike

The structures responsible for color and color changes in amphibian skin are

The skin of amphibians is

The last trunk vertebra of the amphibians is the __________ vertebra.

A ventral plate of bone called the __________ is present in the anterior, ventral trunk region of many amphibians. This plate provides support for the forelimbs and protection for internal organs.

The sternum is reduced or absent in members of the order

The ilium, ischium, and pubis comprise the __________ of amphibians.

In anurans, long hind limbs and powerful muscles form an efficient __________ system for jumping.

In their feeding habits, most adult amphibians are

Larval amphibians are usually __________ in their feeding habits.

In amphibians, a __________ valve in the conus arteriosus or ventral aorta helps direct blood into pulmonary and systemic circuits.

The __________ of the amphibian heart receives blood from the lungs.

Unlike other vertebrates, amphibians have contractile vessels called lymphatic __________ that pump fluids through the lymphatic system.

Gas exchange across the skin is called

Pulmonary ventilation in amphibians with lungs is accomplished by

Because amphibians depend on external sources of heat to maintain body temperatures, they are said to be

Which of the following is a function of the midbrain of amphibians?

Much of the movable lower eyelid of amphibians is transparent and is called the

To focus on near objects, the amphibian lens is moved forward by the __________ muscle.

The outermost structure of the ear of anuran amphibians is a/an

The __________ receives airborne vibrations and transmits them to the middle ear.

When in water amphibians

In anurans, fertilization involves the male mounting and clasping the female followed by external fertilization--a behavior called ____________. This behavior is in contrast to the use of __________ in salamander sperm transfer.

__________ act to amplify the calls of frogs that are produced by the vocal cords.

__________ is a series of abrupt structural, physiological, and behavioral changes that transform a larval frog into an adult.

The _______ of the amphibian middle ear is the single auditory ossicle.

This type of organism has been implicated in the recent global decline of amphibians.

The Global Amphibian Assessment estimates that this fraction of amphibians are threatened with extinction.

Which of the following has been suggested as a likely reason for global amphibian decline?

The retention of juvenile traits throughout the life of the organism is known as

Which gland has been shown to play a key role in the regulation of metamorphosis in amphibians?

Fishes WOULD NOT regulate their buoyancy by which of the following ways?

Some elasmobranchs and some bony fishes such as the tuna, maintain water flow over the gills by holding the mouth open. This is called __________ ventilation.

Vascular folds in the epithelium of gill filaments are called

Flow of water over fish gills maintains a concentration gradient (of gases) between the blood and the water over the length of the capillary bed; this is referred to as an/a __________ mechanism.

In lungfishes and Indian climbing perch, __________ function as lungs.

Nitrogenous wastes such as urea, creatine, and creatinine are produced in the __________ of fishes.

A vascular network called the __________ secretes gases into the swim bladder.

Some elasmobranchs, including hammerhead sharks, and guppies are

The semicircular canals of the inner ear of bony fish maintain

In the epidermis of fish skin, there are sensory pits that may be used for detecting currents; these pits comprise the

Osmoregulation is a major function of kidneys and __________ in fishes.

The functional excretory units in the kidneys of fishes are

The networks of capillaries that filter blood from the circulatory system into the tubular system of the nephrons of fishes are the

The major osmoregulatory problems of saltwater fishes are

A __________ removes excess sodium chloride from the blood of elasmobranchs and excretes it into the cloaca.

Elasmobranchs have solved some of their osmoregulatory problems by

A common opening for excretory, digestive, and reproductive products is the

The major nitrogenous waste of bony fishes is

Fishes that migrate between freshwater and marine environments are said to be

The vast majority of fish are

One hypothesis says that an extinct group called __________ are believed to have been the ancestors of ancient amphibians.

What phylum do you belong to?

What is the phylum chordata named after?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phylum Chordata?

Which of the following are openings between the digestive tract and the outside of the body?

Which structure is dorsal to the nerve cord and extends anteriorly to for the brain?

What structure in chordates extends beyond the anal opening and is supported by the notochord or vertebral column?

What structure can become the thyroid in chordates and is responsible for producing various substances for the body?

Which of the following is not a major subphyla of the phylum chordata?

What infraphylum do fish belong to?

Which class contains the lampreys?

Vertebrates are thought to have originated at least __________ years ago.

Adult sea lampreys in the Great Lakes feed primarily on

Hagfishes belong to the class

The appearance of __________ is considered to be one of the major developments in vertebrate evolution.

Sharks arose from early jawed fishes midway through the __________ period.

In their feeding habits, the largest sharks are

What is the largest shark still alive today?

Unlike other chondrichthians, the __________ have a gill cover called the operculum.

Lungfishes belong to the class

The lobe finned fishes, such as coelacanths, are found in the class

Genetically and morphologically, the coelacanth has more in common with ___ than almost any other fish.

Sharks, skates, and rays are in the class

The closest living fish relative of terrestrial vertebrates is probably

Modern bony fish are referred to as what?

Which group of fishes does not have a cartilaginous skeleton?

Which animals are not in the infraphylum Vertebrata?

The grouping "Osteichthyes" is considered to be