The ability to manipulate the sounds in words orally

The distance between a child's actual developmental level and his or her potential level that can be reached with teacher scaffolding

An approach to measuring children's learning that's process-oriented, ongoing, and positive; in contrast to evaluation, which is product-oriented and judgmental; goal is to document children's growth, provide feedback, modify instruction when needed, and plan for future instruction

A Piagetian process in which learners create schemas because of new information or experiences

A Piagetian process in which learners modify or incorporate new information and experiences into existing schemas

Reading textbooks that are leveled according to grade

The phonological, semantic, syntactic, and pragmatic information that children rely on as they read

Children's awareness of their own thought and learning process

A written representation of a sound using one or more letters

A variety of language, typically representing different social classes or geographic locations

The smallest meaningful part of a word; sometimes it's a word (e.g., cup, hope), and sometimes it's not a whole word (e.g., -ly, bi-)

A sound; it's represented in print with slashes (e.g., /s/ and /th/)

A cognitive structure or mental file

Children's belief in their capability to succeed and reach their goals; children who have his are more likely to be higher achieving readers and writers

This type of reading involves experiencing what is being read.

Reading something to be instructed.