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Unit 1- History + Research Methods

Total questions: 37

Worksheet time: 35mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Who was denied the Ph.D. degree from Harvard because she was a woman?

a)

Mary Whiton Calkins

b)

William James

c)

Margaret Floy Washburn

d)

Edward Bradford Titchener

2.

Psychology is currently defined as:

a)

the study of individual experience.

b)

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

c)

the study of mental life.

d)

the scientific study of observable behavior.

3.

Which of the following is NOT one of psychology’s three main levels of analysis?

a)

developmental

b)

social-cultural

c)

biological

d)

psychological

4.

Naturalistic observations are conducted in order to:

a)

describe behavior.

b)

explain behavior.

c)

predict behavior.

d)

control behavior.

5.

Dr. Garcia asks participants in her study to describe their experience as they smell an orange. Dr. Garcia’s method most closely resembles that of the early:

a)

pragmatists.

b)

Freudians.

c)

functionalists.

d)

structuralists.

6.

John B. Watson is most likely to say:

a)

“A person needs unconditional love and acceptance in order to reach her true potential.”

b)

“A person’s behavior reflects unconscious conflicts and emotions that result from early childhood experiences.”

c)

“Emotional responses reflect biological processes such as hormones and brain chemistry."

d)

“Science must be rooted in observation of behavior, rather than introspective processes.”

7.

Which of the following is the best way to generate a random sample of students for a research study?

a)

mail out a questionnaire that students could voluntarily complete and return

b)

stand by the door of the library and ask people who pass by to answer your questions

c)

offer extra credit for students in a particular classroom who choose to participate

d)

use a table of random numbers to pick participants from a student listing

8.

Dr. Frye conducts research investigations on memory, with the intent of contributing to what is known about human memory processes. Dr. Frye conducts:

a)

professional service.

b)

applied research.

c)

basic research.

d)

psychiatry.

9.

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between variables?

a)

positive .05

b)

negative .25

c)

positive .75

d)

negative .95

10.

Which of the following represents the average score in a distribution?

a)

the mode

b)

the mean

c)

the median

d)

the standard deviation

11.

After watching their favorite team lose a game, Emma and her friends commented to each other about how they had always known the loss was inevitable. Psychologists call this:

a)

overconfidence.

b)

the false consensus effect.

c)

the hindsight bias.

d)

an illusory correlation.

12.

Dr. Anderson conducts an experiment to see whether exposure to helpful models leads to helping behavior in young children. Of the forty girls and boys in his study, half are exposed to helpful models while the other half watch the same models not engaged in helping behavior. In this experiment, the dependent variable is:

a)

the gender of the children.

b)

helpful or non-helpful models.

c)

the age of the children.

d)

helping behavior.

13.

A significant disadvantage of the correlational approach is that it:

a)

does not provide evidence of cause and effect.

b)

cannot be used to examine relationships between variables that exist naturally.

c)

does not aid in the process of prediction.

d)

does not provide information about how two variables are related.

14.

After conducting an experiment, Dr. Fitzpatrick concluded that there was a statistically significant difference between the scores of the experimental and control groups. In other words,

a)

the difference is highly meaningful and important to scientists.

b)

the results are replicable.

c)

the scores differed by five points or more.

d)

it is unlikely that the difference occurred by chance.

15.

The factor the researcher manipulates in a controlled experiment

a)

dependent variable

b)

independent variable

c)

confounding variable

d)

illusory correlation

16.
Division of the sample into groups so that every individual has an equal chance of being put in any group or condition.
a)
single blind
b)
double blind
c)
random assignment
d)
random sampling
17.
Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?
a)
Institutional Review Board Approval
b)
Informed Consent
c)
Confidentiality
d)
Debriefing
18.
When a distribution of scores is skewed, which of the following is the most representative measure of central tendency?
a)
Inference
b)
Standard Deviation
c)
Mean
d)
Median
19.
Which of the following represents naturalistic observation?
a)
Researchers watch and record how elementary school children interact on the playground
b)
Researchers bring participants into a laboratory to see how they respond to a puzzle with no solution
c)
A principal looks at the relationships between the number of students absence and their grades
d)
Two grandparents sit in the front row to watch their grandson's first piano recital
20.

"Monday Morning Quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of the weekend football games. This tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle?

a)

Overconfidence

b)

Hindsight Bias

c)

Intuition

d)

Illusory Correlation

21.
Which of the following is a positive correlation?
a)
As study time decreases, students achieve lower grades
b)
As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase
c)
Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases
d)
People who exercise regularly are less likely to be obese
22.
Which of the following is a potential problem for a case study?
a)
They provide too much detail and the researcher is likely to lose track of the most important facts.
b)
They are generally  too expensive to economical
c)
They may be misleading because they don't fairly represent other cases
d)
The dependent variable is difficult to operationally define in a case study
23.
A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not is called
a)

the rule of falsifiability.
b)
pseudoscience.
c)

an illusory correlation
d)

paranormal phenomena
24.
Hypotheses are best described as
a)
confirmations
b)
replications
c)
assumptions
d)
predictions
25.
In 1848, Phineas Gage, a railroad construction foreman, survived when an explosion drove an iron rod through his head damaging the functioning of the frontal lobes. This instance provided evidence that the frontal lobe plays a role in personality and behavior. Researchers have continued to study Gage's brain to better understand this link. Which research method is being used?
a)
experimentation
b)
case study
c)
survey
d)
correlation
26.
Which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?
a)
survey
b)
naturalistic observation
c)
case study
d)
experiment
27.
A correlation coefficient is a measure of the
a)
average squared deviation of scores from a sample mean.
b)
statistical significance of a difference between two sample means.
c)
direction and strength of the relationship between two variables.
d)
difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.
28.
To graphically represent the correlation between two variables, researchers often construct a
a)
pie chart
b)
bar graph
c)
scatterplot
d)
skewed distribution
29.
Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?
a)
The experimental treatment is absent.
b)
The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.
c)
The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.
d)
The research participants are exposed to all the different experimental treatments.
30.
The symmetric, bell shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population is known as
a)
scatter plot
b)
normal distribution
c)
frequency polygon
d)
histogram
31.
In a double-blind procedure, who is unaware of the experimental group assignment?
a)
The experimenter
b)
The participants
c)
Neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware
d)
Both the experimenter and participants are aware
32.
Which method should a psychology researcher use if she is interested in testing whether a specific reward in a classroom situation causes students to behave better?
a)
Case Study
b)
Experiment
c)
Survey
d)
Naturalistic Observation
33.
A journalism student is writing an article about her school’s new cell-phone policy, and she’d like to interview a random sample of students. Which of the following is the best example of a random sample?
a)
The writer arrives at school early and interviewsthe fi rst fi ve students who come through the main entrance
b)
The writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all students’ names. She interviews the five selected students.
c)
The writer passes out brief surveys to 50 students inthe hall and uses the 18 surveys returned to her as the basis of her article.
d)
The writer asks the principal for the names of 10students who have had their cell phones confi scatedfor a day for violating the policy. She interviews these 10 students
34.
In an experiment the ____ group is NOT exposed to the independent variable.
a)
experimental
b)
control
c)
double blind
d)
single blind
35.
An experiment is performed to see if background music improves learning.  Two groups study the same material, one while listening to music and another without music. The independent variable is
a)
learning
b)
size of group
c)
material studied
d)
presence of music
36.
In an experiment to test the effects of hunger on aggressive behavior, aggressive behavior would be the
a)
placebo
b)
control
c)
dependent variable
d)
independent variable
37.
In an experiment to find out if taking ginseng increases IQ scores, the IQ scores would be
a)
independent variable
b)
control variable
c)
extraneous variable
d)
dependent variable

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