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WorksheetsUnit 1: History, Approaches, and Research
Total questions: 78
Worksheet time: 39mins
In its earliest days, psychology was defines as the
science of mental life
study of conscious and unconscious activity
science of observable behavior
science of behavior and mental processes
Who would most likely agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"?
Wilhelm Wundt
Sigmund Freud
John Watson
William James
Today, psychology is defines as the
science of mental phenomena
science of behavior
science of conscious and unconscious activity
science of behavior and mental processes
Who introduced the early school of functionalism ?
Edward Titchener
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Mary Calkins
Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology?
Wilhelm Wundt
Ivan Pavlov
Jean Piaget
William James
The 17th century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is
Plato
Aristotle
Descartes
Locke
Which 17th century philosopher believed that some knowledge was innate?
Aristotle
Descartes
Plato
Locke
Psychological perspective that emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior
biological
cognitive
behavioral
evolutionary
a psychologist who explores hoe Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the ___ perspective.
behavioral
cognitive
sociocultural
cognitive
a psychologists who conducts research solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base in engaged in
basic research
applied research
clinical research
industrial research
psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called
basic researchers
clinical psychologists
psychiatrists
applied psychologists
the first psychology lab was established by ___ in the year of ___
Wundt; 1879
James: 1890
Freud: 1900
Watson; 1913
Who would most likely agree with the statement, "psychology is the science of mental life"?
Wundt
Watson
Pavlov
any American psychologist during the 60's
in psychology, behavior is best described as
anything a person does, says, or feels
any action that we can observe and record
any action, observable or not
anything we can infer from a person's actions
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with
cognitive psychology
behaviorism
psychodynamic theory
humanistic psychology
Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of
philosophy and chemistry
philosophy and biology
philosophy and physics
physiology and chemistry
the Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was
Aristotle
Plato
Descartes
Simonides
the way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the primary concern of the __ perspective
biological
evolutionary
sociocultural
cognitive
research that centers on the relationship between the changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning is most likely associated with
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
psychiatrist
developmental psychologist
explaining human behavior in terms of different situations is associated with the ___ perspective
behavioral
sociocultural
evolutionary
cognitive
the persepctive emphasizes the learnin of observable responses
behavioral
sociocultural
biological
cogntiive
a psychologist who studies how work productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ___research
applied
basic
clinical
developmental
Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental processes". Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this definition?
science of
behavior an
and mental processes
Wundt would have agreed with the whole statement
Marcus believes that psychologist should go back to using introspection as a research tool. this technique is based on
survey method
experimentation
self examination and mental processes
the study of observable behavior
During her presentation on the history of psychology, Kiernan notes that Darwin's theory led most directly to the development of the school of
structuralism
behaviorism
functionalism
humanism
the psychological perspective that places the MOST emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the __ perspective
behavioral
cognitive
sociocultural
evolutionary
During dinner Zach states that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are very similar. Katie disagrees and points out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes ___ whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes___
conscious processes; observable responses
unconscious processes; conscious processes
overt behaviors; covert behaviors
introspection; experimentation
After a detailed study of a gun shot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which type of research did the psychologist use?
a case study
a survey
correlation
experimentation
In an experiment to determine the effects of exercise on motivation, exercise is the
control condition
intervening variable
independent variable
dependent variable
To determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of people is given a pill that contain the drug. A second group is given a placebo pill. The second group is the
random sample
experimental group
control group
test group
Theories are defined as
testable propositions
statistical indexes
factors that may change in response to manipulation
principles that help to organize observation and predict behaviors and events
A psychologist studies the play behavior of young children during recess by watching groups of children. What type of research is being conducted?
correlation
case study
naturalistic observation
experimentation
To ensure that other researchers can replicate their work, psychologists use
control groups
random assignment
double blind assignment
operational definitions
Which of the following would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?
case study
survey
naturalistic observation
experiement
a lopsided set of scores that includes a number of extreme or unusual values is said to be
symmetrical
normal
skewed
dispersed
Andre eagerly opened an online trading account, believing that his market savvy would allow him to pick stocks that would make him rich. This best illustrates...
the placebo effect
illusory correlation
hindsight bias
overconfidence
Which of the following is the measure of central tendency that would be most affected by a few extreme scores?
mean
range
median
mode
Which of the following is the best definition of the science of psychology?
humanistic study of emotion and feelings
sociological study of individual and group dynamics
scientific study of mental and behavioral processes
study of supernatural phenomena
In what way is the practice of psychology closely related to the practice of the natural sciences?
its concern with the nature of the physical world
its reliance on scientific research methodologies
its interest in animal behavior and biology
all of the above
What are the main goals of psychology?
to observe, describe, predict, and control behavior
to observe and describe feelings
to observe and describe phenomena that science cannot explain
to research and reach positive visualization
Which of the following research methods are widely used by psychologists?
precognition and the Ganzfield procedure
surveys and experiments
water-float tests and lie-detector tests
introspection and reinforcement
What is one difference between a theory and a principle?
theories are never raised, while principles are
principles are basic laws, while theories are specific attempts to explain things
theories are basic laws, while principles are specific attempts to explain things
theories are helpful, while principles are not
What is the goal of psychological theory?
ensuring the success of treatment
predicting behavior or mental processes
controlling behavior or thought patterns
modifying patient habits and relationships
Which of the following is a step involved in psychological research?
conducting surveys
collecting and analyzing data
drawing logical conclusions
all of the above
Why do psychologists feel that it is necessary to perform psychological research on humans rather than only on animals?
Only experiments with humans can provide information on such uniquely human things as morality and values.
The findings from animal experiments cannot be applied to humans because animals are completely different.
While animals may be biologically similar to humans, their psychological makeup is completely different
Although some animals may behave like humans in certain situations, their biological features are different.
Tomorrow morning you have an important exam, and you are feeling very nervous about it.
This evening you finished reviewing all your notes, and now you are preparing to get a good
night’s sleep. Before going to sleep, you imagine yourself taking the exam, relaxed and calm,
answering all the questions. What psychological method are you using to influence your
behavior during the exam?
reinforcement
preditction
psychological construct
positive visualization
In what field do most psychologists practice?
clinical
school
industrial
developmental
Which of the following might testify about the psychological competence of defendants in a trial?
health psychologists
rehabilitation psychologists
corss-cultural psychologists
forensic psychologists
What do a community psychologist, a forensic psychologist, and a rehabilitation psychologist have in common?
Each of them works with law enforcement
They all conduct basic research
They work closely with individual patients.
All of them work in applied psychology.
Lately, Shawn has been feeling tired even though he has been sleeping more than usual. When he studies, he has a hard time concentrating. At the same time, he is not very interested in the things he used to like doing in his spare time, like going to the movies with his friends. His parents are worried and have taken him to see his family doctor, who has suggested Shawn see a specialist. What sort of specialist do you think his doctor has recommended?
euducational psychologist
counseling psychologist
clinical psychologist
personality psychologist
When was modern psychology born?
4th centuryBC with the Greek philosophers
1800s after the birth of modern science
1900s with the founding of psychoanalysis
middle ages with tests to determine if a person was possessed
What belief did the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates have in common with present-day psychologists?
Confusion and bizarre behavior are caused by abnormalities in the brain.
People are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain
We can learn a lot about ourselves through introspection.
Experiences we have today remind us of experiences we had in the past.
What is the method of learning that stresses examining one's own thoughts and feelings?
positive visualization
Gestalt psychology
introspection
reinforcement
How did Wilhelm Wundt break down consciousness?
objective sensations and subjective feelings
subjective sensations and objective feelings
personal thoughts and public action
private sensations and public action
William James rejected structuralism. What did he focus on instead?
how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment
discovering the basic elements of consciousness
behavior, because it can be observed and quantified
the effect of segregation on the self-esteem of children
How did Sigmund Freud differ from other early psychologists?
Freud preferred to work in laboratories rather than directly with patients.
Freud gained his understanding of human behavior in consultations with patients
Freud was an early pioneer in conducting field research through questionnaires.
Freud worked with medical doctors to study the brain and nervous system
How did the school of behaviorism define psychology?
scientific study of behavior and mental processes
biological study of the brain and its behavior
sociological study of group behavior
scientific study of observable behavior
What is the focus of the modern biological perspective of psychology?
only the behavior of animals
effects of biological factors on our behavior
effects of the environment on human behavior
impact people have had on their environment
Which school of psychology is concerned primarily with human consciousness, experience, and self-awareness?
school of behaviorism
Freudian psychoanlaysis
humanistic perpsepctive
school of functionalism
How do humanistic psychologists differ from behaviorists?
Humanistic psychologists believe that behaviorist experiments with rats and other animals are cruel and should be abolished
Humanistic psychology has its roots in structuralism, whereas behaviorism has its roots in functionalism.
While behaviorists believe people are conditioned to behave as they do, humanistic psychologists believe behavior is a result of free choice.
The humanistic psychologist views people as basically good, but the behaviorist sees them as basically evil.
What is the first step in a research study?
construct
research question
hypothesis
analysis
Which of the following best describes a hypothesis?
educated guess
experiment
question
proven theory
What do psychologists do after they analyze their research observations?
form a reesearch question
form a hypothesis
conduct a study
draw conclusions
What is a method researchers use to gather information from many people about a particular subject?
case study
survey
replication
correlation
What is one reason that survey interviews and questionnaires may not be completely accurate?
computers analyze the data
all of the target population will not respond
respondents may not give honest answers
interviewers may be biased
Which is one way that researchers ensure that a sample represents a target population?
selecting people at random from the target population
using a large number of people from one subgroup
creating a large sample from certain subgroups
choosing the entire target population
In what type of sample are subgroups in the population represented proportionally?
random
stratified
target
survey
Which of the following is a problem associated with volunteer bias?
Volunteers are more willing than other people to disclose information.
Volunteers tend to be less interested in research than people who are not volunteers
Volunteers have less spare time to participate in research studies than other people
Volunteers are more likely to represent the general population.
A Skinner box and a maze are examples of which of the following?
habitats
laboratories
stratified examples
random samples
Observing the way people eat in restaurants is an example of
laboratory observation.
a survey
naturalistic observation
the longitudinal method
Which one of the following methods do scientists use to analyze the data they gather from their studies?
correlation
observation
exception
causation
Which is an example of a negative correlation?
The taller the person, the greater the ability to reach the top shelf.
Joining clubs causes students to earn high grades.
The greater the stress, the poorer the health.
People’s salaries rise as their needs for achievement increases
In an experiment, what factor do researchers manipulate in order to determine its effect?
DV
IV
hypthesis
correlation
In the experimental method, how is the control group different than the experimental group?
The control group is smaller than the experimental group.
The control group is larger than the experimental group.
The control group receives the treatment
The control group does not receive the treatment.
Why is it sometimes useful to conduct double-blind studies?
Researchers may have expectations that affect their observations.
Researchers need to know who had the treatment
Researchers may not have time for a longitudinal study.
Researchers are bound to follow a code of ethics.
How is standard deviation determined?
adding all scores and dividing by the total number of scores
arranging all scores from lowest to highest
arranging all scores from highest to lowest
measuring the distance of every score to the mean
Under what circumstances, according to the American Psychological Association, are psychologists allowed to deceive participants in an experiment?
when individuals would not otherwise be willing to participate
when no explanation of the study is available
when the benefits of the study outweigh the harm
when evidence does not support the hypothesis
In which of the following situations would researchers most likely use animals instead of human subjects?
when conducting drug experiments
when studying the effects of intentionally separating children from their mothers
when there is a need for strict confidentiality
when the information collected contradicts the researcher’s hypothesis
