American industrialist and humanitarian; he focused his attention on steelmaking and made a fortune through his vertical integration method.

Puritan leader who angered other Puritans by claiming that people's relationship with God did not need guidance from ministers; she was tried and convicted of undermining church authorities and was banished from the Massachusetts Bay colony; she later established the colony of Portsmouth in what is now Rhode Island.

American statesman; he was a philosopher, scientist, inventor, writer, publisher, first U.S. postmaster; and member of the committee to draft the Constitution.

English colonist in the Americas who helped found Jamestown Colony.

a group of Native American peoples that lived in eastern Virginia at the time of the first English settlements there.

Virginia colonist; he led a rebellion against the colony's governors over such issues as Native American policy and representation in the House of Burgesses.

members of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholic ritual and traditions in the Church of England.

Leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony who led Puritan colonists to Massachusetts to establish an ideal Christian community; he later became the colony’s first governor.

Puritan Separatist who was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1635 for preaching that government and religion should be separate and that settlers should compensate Native Americans for their land, rather than taking it. He later established the colony of Providence, Rhode Island, in 1636 where all religions were welcome.

Wampanoag chief also called King Philip; he led a brutal war against the colonists of Plymouth in 1675.

Quaker leader who founded a colony in Pennsylvania; the colony provided an important example of representative self-government and became a model of freedom and tolerance.

Governor of the Dominion of New England; he angered many colonists by strictly enforcing unpopular policies such as the Navigation Acts.

Important and influential revivalist leader in the Great Awakening religious movement; he delivered dramatic sermons on the choice between salvation and damnation.

First president of the United States; he served as a representative to the Continental Congresses and commanded the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.

American petroleum industry pioneer; he drilled the first commercial oil well in the United States, drawing oil prospectors to the West

American inventor of over 1,000 patents; he invented the light bulb and established a power plant that supplied electricity to parts of New York City

African American inventor; he invented the carbon filament and played a key role in helping Thomas Edison develop a long-lasting incandescent light bulb

American inventor and newspaper editor; he invented the typewriter in 1867, which changed the world of work

American industrialist and owner of the Pullman Palace Car Company; he invented the railroad sleeping car and started a factory to build them. Near the factory, he planned and built the town of Pullman, Illinois, to house his workers.

American business leader who controlled the New York Central Railroad and up to 4,500 miles of railroad track; he later donated $1 million to a Tennessee university

American banker; he made a fortune taking over and merging businesses built by others, building a reputation for turning around mismanaged companies and making them more efficient

American industrialist and philanthropist; he made a fortune in the oil business and used vertical and horizontal integration to establish a monopoly on the oil business.

American labor leader; he helped found the American Federation of Labor to campaign for workers’ rights

Leader of the American Railway Union and supporter of the Pullman strike; he was the Socialist Party candidate for president five times.

English leader in Parliament who opposed taxing American colonists, but also opposed their requests for independence.

Ottawa chief who united the Great Lakes’ Indians to try to halt the advance of European settlements; he attacked British forts in a battle known as ---- Rebellion and eventually surrendered in 1766.

Irish-American labor organizer; helped organize coal miners in the Great Strike of 1877 and led a march of injured child workers to expose the cruelties of child labor.

American social worker and activist; she was the co-founder of Hull House, an organization that focused on the needs of immigrants. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

American politician, he gained control of New York City’s Tammany Hall. He was convicted of stealing from the New York City treasury.

Nineteenth president of the United States; he was a Civil War general and hero and, in the disputed presidential election of 1876, he was chosen president by a special electoral committee.

Twentieth president of the United States; he was elected in 1880 but was assassinated only months after inauguration.

Vice-president of the United States in 1880; he became the twenty-first president of the United States upon the death of James Garfield.

American president and politician; he was the twenty-third president of the United States and the grandson of a former president.

Twenty-second and twenty-fourth president of the United States; he promoted civil service reform and a merit system of advancement for government jobs.

American architect; he designed the Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri, apprenticed Frank Lloyd Wright, and is considered the father of modern American architecture.

American architect and city planner; he designed the iconic Flatiron Building in New York City and planned Chicago’s lakefront. He also oversaw the construction of the White City for Chicago’s 1893 World Columbian Exposition.

American pioneers of aviation; they went from experiments with kites and gliders to piloting the first successful gas-powered airplane flight and later founded the American ------ Company to manufacture airplanes.

American inventor and entrepreneur; he invented flexible film and marketed the Kodak camera, making it possible for millions of Americans to become amateur photographers.

American author and humorist born Samuel Langhorn Clemens; he is best known for his novels The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn as well as for numerous short stories and essays.

American journalist and newspaper publisher; he established the Pulitzer Prize for public service and advancement of education.

American journalist; he was famous for sensational news stories, known as yellow journalism, that stirred feelings of nationalism and formed public opinion for the Spanish-American War.

American reformer who worked to improve the lives of women and children; became general secretary of the National Consumers' League in 1899, lobbying for improved factory conditions and child labor laws.

American business leader; he revolutionized factory production through the use of the assembly line and popularized the affordable automobile.

Progressive American politician; he was active in local Wisconsin issues and challenged party bosses. As governor, he began the reform program called the Wisconsin Idea to make state government more professional.

African American educator and civil rights leader; he was born into slavery and later became head of the Tuskegee Institute for career training for African Americans.

African American educator, editor, and writer; he led the Niagara Movement, calling for economic and educational equality for African Americans. He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Novelist whose 1906 book The Jungle depicted the unsanitary conditions at a meatpacking plant. Public outcry from the book led to consumer-protection laws

African American journalist; she worked to expose lynching and other acts of racial violence and fought for equal rights for African Americans.

American social reformer; she was active in the temperance, abolitionist, and women's suffrage movements and was co-organizer and president of the Nationa Woman Suffrage Association.

American suffrage leader; she organized the Seneca Falls Convention with Lucretia Mott. The convention was the first organized meeting for women’s rights in the United States.

Woman suffrage leader and activist; as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, she developed a plan for achieving woman suffrage that helped lead to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment.

Twenty-sixth president of the United States; he focused his efforts on trustbusting, environmental conservation, and strong foreign policy.

Conservationist who was chief of the Forest Service. Under his leadership millions of acres of conservation land were added as national forest, monuments, and parks.

Twenty-seventh president of the United States; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff. He lost Roosevelt’s support and was defeated for a second term.

Twenty-eighth president of the United States; he proposed the League of Nations after World War I. His reform legislation included direct election of senators, prohibition, and women’s suffrage. He also created the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Trade Commission, and he enacted child labor laws.

the first permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607.

the Dutch colony in North America, created by the Dutch West India Company.

the French colony in North America.

an island in New York Harbor that was the chief immigration station in the United States from 1892 to 1924.

an island in the San Francisco Bay that was an entry point for many Asian immigrants to the United States beginning in 1910.

a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose.

the Virginia Company’s policy of granting 50 acres of land to each settler and to each family member who accompanied him.

a person who has contracted to work for another for a limited period, often in return for travel expenses, shelter, and sustenance.

the colony established in 1630 in New England by John Winthrop and the other colonists aboard the Arbella.

a colony under the direct control of the English monarch.

the second permanent English colony in North America.

members of the Society of Friends, a religious group persecuted for its beliefs in 17th-century England.

a conflict, in the years 1675–1676, between New England colonists and Native American groups allied under the leadership of the Wampanoag chief Metacom.

an economic system in which nations seek to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by establishing a favorable balance of trade.

the legislative body of England.

a series of laws enacted by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to tighten England’s control of trade in its American colonies.

the land from southern Maine to New Jersey that was united into one vast colony by King James II in the 1680s.

a crop grown by a farmer for sale rather than for personal use.

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies’ continued economic loyalty.

a person who becomes the property of others.

the transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people, including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America.

the voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and later to North America.

an 18th-century intellectual movement that emphasized the use of reason and the scientific method as means of obtaining knowledge.

a revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s.

a 1739 uprising of slaves in South Carolina, leading to the tightening of already harsh slave laws.

a cheap and efficient process for making steel, developed around 1850.

a conflict in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763, that was a part of a worldwide struggle between France and Britain and that ended with the defeat of France and the transfer of French Canada to Britain.

an order in which Britain prohibited its American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

a trade law enacted by Parliament in 1764 in an attempt to reduce smuggling in the British colonies in North America.

a railroad line linking the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States, completed in 1869.

a labor organization for unskilled workers, formed by a group of radical unionists and socialists in 1905.

an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886.

an organization founded in 1890 to gain voting rights for women.

an organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality.

a construction company formed in 1864 by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad, who used it to fraudulently skim off railroad profits for themselves.

an 1877 case in which the Supreme Court upheld states’ regulation of railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers, thus establishing the right of government to regulate private industry to serve the public interest.

a company’s taking over its suppliers and distributors and transportation systems to gain total control over the quality and cost of its product.

negotiation between employers and an organized group of employees on conditions of employment, such as wages or hours.

a law, enacted in 1887, that reestablished the federal government’s right to supervise railroad activities and created a five-member Interstate Commerce Commission to do so.

a law, enacted in 1890, that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

a law, enacted in 1882, that prohibited all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the United States.

a law, enacted in 1883, that established a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to government jobs by means of the merit system.

meaning “to let do”; a form of capitalism that allows companies to conduct business without intervention by the government.

a business organization in which competing companies are under the control of a single group of trustees.

having complete control in the marketplace, without any outside competition.

the ability of families or individuals to move into a higher social class.

an economic and social philosophy—supposedly based on the biologist Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection—holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.

a mixture of people from different cultures and races who blend together by abandoning their native languages and cultures.

favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people.

a multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary.

a 1907–1908 agreement between the U.S. and Japanese governments to limit Japanese immigration to the United States.

the growth of cities.

education program designed to help immigrants assimilate to American culture.

the organization of people into social classes by wealth.

transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes.

a 19th-century reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty.

a community center providing assistance to residents—particularly immigrants—in a slum neighborhood.

the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace.

an organized group that controls a political party in a city and offers services to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support.

the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.

an officeholder’s power to appoint people—usually those who have helped him or her get elected—to positions in government.

the nonmilitary branches of government administration.

American landscape architect; he designed New York City’s Central Park, Boston’s “Emerald Necklace” network of parks, and other urban parks.

a group of early 20th-century American artists who often painted realistic pictures of city life—such as tenements and homeless people—thus earning them their name.

a school of philosophical thought developed in the United States in the late 19th century that aimed to reconcile the tensions between science and morality and religion.

the free government delivery of mail and packages to homes in rural areas, begun in 1896.

an early-20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life.

the banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages.

a change to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1913, that provides for the election of U.S. senators by the people rather than by state legislatures.

the right to vote.

one of the magazine journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s.

a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers.

a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people.

a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people.

founded in 1881, and led by Booker T. Washington, to equip African Americans with teaching diplomas and useful skills in the trades and agriculture.

founded by W.E.B. Du Bois in 1905 to promote the education of African Americans in the liberal arts.

an annual tax that formerly had to be paid in some southern states by anyone wishing to vote.

a provision that exempts certain people from a law on the basis of previously existing circumstances—especially a clause formerly in some southern states’ constitutions that exempted whites from the strict voting requirements used to keep African Americans from the voting.

an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1920, that gives women the right to vote.

the separation of people on the basis of race.

laws enacted by southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.

a system in which workers are bound in servitude until their debts are paid.

an 1896 case in which the Supreme Court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the “separate but equal” doctrine.

a social service organization founded in 1896.

a federal agency established in 1914 to investigate and stop unfair business practices.

a law, enacted in 1906, that established strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created a federal meat inspection program.

a law enacted in 1906 to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling.

a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meatpacking industry at that time.

President Theodore Roosevelt’s program of progressive reforms designed to protect the common people against big business.

the planned management of natural resources, involving the protection of some wilderness areas and the development of others for the common good.

a set of tax regulations, enacted by Congress in 1909, that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods.

a name given to the Progressive Party, formed to support Theodore Roosevelt’s candidacy for the presidency in 1912.

a law, enacted in 1914, that made certain monopolistic business practices illegal and protected the rights of labor unions and farm organizations.

a national banking system, established in 1913, that controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country.