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WorksheetsAP European Midterm Review
Total questions: 150
Worksheet time: 1hrs 8mins
Which ruler, that ruled under the ideals of the enlightenment, believed in religious unity, but reject the idea of religious tolerance?
Maria Theresa
Joseph II
Catherine II of Russia
Frederick the Great
None of the Above
Which Holy Roman Emperor ruled the Hapsburg lands in the period 1760 to 1795, and was at ease with the majority of the enlightenment ideals?
Maria Theresa
Joseph II
Catherine II of Russia
Louis xiv
Which enlightenment ruler inspired a complete reform of the legal system, abolished brutal punishments and the death penalty in most instances, and imposed the principle of complete equality of treatment for all offenders?
Joseph II
Catherine II of Russia
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
Which enlightenment ruler issued codes addressing some modernization trends, including dividing the country into provinces and districts, limiting the power of nobles, and creating a middle estate?
Joseph II
Catherine II of Russia
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
How did the idea of enlightenment absolutism change the monarchs rule on their subjects?
The monarchs of enlightened absolutism weakened their authority by improving the lives of their subjects.
All of the above
The monarchs of enlightened absolutism strengthened their authority by improving the lives of their subjects.
None of the above
Which enlightenment ruler believed in the ideals of the French enlightenment philosopher Voltaire?
Joseph II
Frederick the Great
Catherine II of Russia
Maria Theresa
Which enlightenment ruler placed limited reforms, gave nobles absolute power over serfs, and enlarged the Russian empire. Also gained access to the Black Seas.
Catherine II of Russia
Joseph II
Maria Theresa
Frederick the Great
In the mid 1800s, the most technologically advanced country in the world was
Great Britain
Russia
Prussia
Austria
Which of the following was NOT a negative effect of industrialization in England during the mid-1800s?
Factories creating both air and water pollution.
Workers running dangerous machines for long hours in unsafe conditions.
Creation of labor unions that benefited workers.
Overcrowding and frequent epidemics sweeping through the slums.
The industrial revolution of continental Europe was delayed by
the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Lack of resources
the Plague
Labour shortages
Which of the following reflects David Ricardo's theory that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level.
Malthusian Cycle
Iron Law of Wages
Crystal Palace
Essay of the Principle of Population
Who is credited with perfecting the steam engine?
Thomas Newcomen
James Watt
Josiah Wedgwood
George Stephenson
How did families change during the Industrial Revolution?
Family units grew larger to acquire more help on the farm.
The family became smaller as people moved to cities and worked in factories.
The family system was replaced by socialism.
Families were forced to move to the cities to live in compounds.
Which is an example of how the government could support its own economy by placing high taxes on goods made in other industrialized nations?
tariff protection
Mining Acts
Factory Acts
crystal palace
One of the results of the Agricultural Revolution in Great Britain was
a movement of people from cities to rural areas.
an increase in small family farms.
food production decreased contributing to a smaller population.
food production increased, contributing to a larger population
Term used to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they had witnessed in certain industries.
Agricultural Revoltuion
Industrial Revolution
Water Frame
Industrious Revolution
Most major events of the French Revolution happened in...
Lyon
Madrid
Paris
Couthon
What were characteristics of Louis XVI's rule over France?
He believed in a king's divine right to rule
He followed Enlightenment beliefs
Similarly to Louis XIV, his rule was rather oppressive
Similarly to Louis XV, he like to party
France's financial crisis before the revolution was caused by...
Louis XIV's expensive court system designed to weaken the nobility
military costs from Louis XIV's and Louis XV's wars
war debts from wars hundreds of years ago that accumulated over time
the outrageous costs of manufacturing guillotines
Although many French citizens were angry at Louis XVI, much of the blame for France's financial problems were placed on...
Marie Antionette
Louis XV
Robespierre
the Jacobins
Before the revolution, the bourgeoisie class desired the privileges of nobles, which included...
exemption from taxes
higher status
political power
more rights for women
The solutions to the financial crisis that Louis XVI's financial ministers proposed were to...
reduce overall spending
require the nobles to pay taxes
increase taxes on the peasantry
print more money
When calling a Meeting of the Estates General in May 1789, Louis XVI had hoped that...
the 2nd Estate, or the nobility, would be willing to volunteer to pay taxes
the peasantry would argue for their own political power
he would find another king to turn his power over to
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, published August 26, 1789...
said that all men were born with rights to liberty and property
said that all men were born free
expressed resistance to the oppression of citizens
created many dilemmas on the rights of other social groups, such as women, Jews, Protestants, and slaves
True or False: In October of 1789, Louis XVI was placed under house arrest in the Tuileries Palace, which revealed to him that his power was threatened.
True
False
When the Civil Constitution of the Clergy was issued in July 12, 1790, saying that the clergy was required to swear loyalty to the government...
there were priests who opposed swearing loyalty to the government, declaring that their first loyalty was to God
there were priests who abided and swore loyalty to the French government
the clergy revolted against the bourgeoisie and stormed their property
the whole body of the clergy solemnly swore loyalty to the National Constituent Assembly
The ___ were people of the Parisian working class small shopkeepers, tradesmen, and artisans who were the main supporters of the revolution.
Sans-culottes
Tuileries
Jacobins
Girondists
The ___ were a political group based in Paris that distrusted the sans-culottes and believed that the French Revolution had gone too far.
Montagnands
Jacobins
Girondists
Monarchistes
_____ (1758-1794) was the leading force in the Committee of Public Safety. He was a conservative, yet popular and extremely devoted to the French Revolution and abolition of the Ancien Régime. He expressed that only those who were against the will of the people would face terror.
Georges Jacques Danton
Jean-Paul Marat
Maximilien Robespierre
Which of the following was not a region that Napoleon conquered?
Austria
Northern Italy
Egypt
Corsica
Britain
In 1802, Napoleon declared himself as the ___ "Consul for Life" & in 1804 declared himself ___ of France.
sole; emperor
head; king
first; president
Napoleon created the Concordat of 1801 in order to...
heal divisions with the Catholic that formed from the distribution of church lands
abolish the 1st Estate
set the Catholic Church underneath the government status wise
The Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 stopped Napoleon in his attempt to...
invade England
suppress the Haitian Revolution
travel to his colonies in the New World
The Confederation of the Rhine was a confederation of 16 ___ client states formed after Napoleon won the Battle of Austerlitz.
German
French
Italian
Austrian
The _____ was where Napoleon tried to economically isolate Britain to promote France's political power over Europe.
Continental System
Decree of Milan
Peninsular Campaign
Berlin Decree
In __, Napoleon escaped the island of Elba and returned to France, marking the beginning of his well known "Hundred Days".
1814
1815
1816
1817
Divine right monarchy was a term used to refer to
a king's power derived from God
the pope's authority over bishops
the rights of subjects under a king
the requirement that kings be ordained by the pope
Among the principle characteristics of 17th and 18th century absolutist states were all of the following EXCEPT
large standing armies
development of constitutions
weakening the nobility
absolutist rule based on divine right
Charles I of England faced a revolt against royal authority led by
Parliament
the Anglican Church
peasants
French agents
Which of the following is the most significant outcome of Charles I's execution in 1649?
It was the first time in history that a Parliament had voted for the execution of a monarch.
The execution restored the Tudors to the throne.
The execution led to the abolition of the monarchy.
England was invaded and conquered by the Scots and Ireland gained independence.
All of the following contributed to the growing opposition to Cromwell's rule in England EXCEPT
his strict Puritan social policies alienated moderate Anglicans
his growing reliance on France to prop up his government
his cruel treatment of Catholic dissenters in Ireland
his dissolution of the Rump Parliament
After the restoration of the Stuart dynasty, which of the following contributed the most to growing opposition to Charles II?
his growing alliance with the Dutch
his conversion to Calvinism midway through his rule
his inability to establish a rival commercial center in London
his growing admiration for Catholocism and Louis XIV
Which of the following is the most significant result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights?
The United Kingdom was formed.
Equal rights and political representation were extended to subjects of the Crown in the English colonies.
Limited monarchy was firmly established in England.
England became the dominate power until 1870.
The most serious problem confronting Poland in the 18th century was
the end of serfdom
Swedish expansion after the death of Charles XII
resurgence of the Ottoman Empire
weak central government
One common concern of both Maria Theresa and Joseph II was
providing state social services to the needy
granting autonomy to the various ethnic groups within the Austrian Empire
industrializing the country
centralizing power
Why did Frederick the Great of Prussia only abolish serfdom on crown lands and not the lands held by the Junkers?
The Junkers didn't possess serfs because they were a military caste.
He wanted to keep the loyalty of the Junkers.
85% of Prussia's serfs lived on Crown lands.
He thought it was immoral for the monarchy to keep peasants in serfdom.
What two major events limited the scope of Catherine the Great's reforms in Russia?
the Pugachev Rebellion and the French Revolution
the wars against the Ottoman Empire and the partition of Poland
the Pugachev Rebellion and Catherine's active social life
the American and French Revolutions
European Jews benefited the most from which enlightened despot?
Louis XVI
Frederick the Great
Joseph II
Philip II
Overall, the reforms of the enlightened despots
were not able to take hold because of limited support among the nobility.
paved the way for democratic systems and the welfare state.
led to a counter-reaction and the return of absolutist rule all over Europe.
led to the feudalization of Europe.
"We forbid our subjects of the so-called Reformed religion to assemble any more for public worship."
This statement was most likely issued as a result of
Edict of Nantes
Ninety-Five Theses
Edict of Fontainebleau
Peace of Augsburg
Which of the following French kings is acknowledged as the embodiment of an absolute monarch?
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Louis XIV
Louis XV
The partition of Poland 1772-1795
eliminated Poland as an independent state.
divided Poland between Sweden, Finland, and Lithuania.
divided Poland between Russia, Hungary, and Austria.
led to the emergence of an independent Lithuanian state.
In 1713 Emperor Charles VI sought approval of the Pragmatic Sanction in order to guarantee
indivisibility of the Hapsburg lands.
political privileges for Catholics.
borders between Holland and the Austrian Netherlands.
the dynastic union of the Hapsburgs and the Romanovs.
Sweden lost its position as a formidable European power as a result of
the Thirty Years' War
the Great Northern War
the War of Spanish Succession
weak central government
The ideals of the French Revolution were best expressed in the phrase
nobility, power, aristocracy
equality, humanity, godliness
liberty, equality, fraternity
justice, honor, socialism
Voting in the Estates General in France was traditionally
based on the principle of one person/one vote
done by estate
in the form of a national referendum
the exclusive reserve of the nobility
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen proclaimed all of the following EXCEPT
the emancipation of women
an elective legislature
protection of rights of property
religious toleration
The Bastille in Paris was stormed on July 14, 1789
in order to capture the royal family
to free the Marquis de Lafayette
to arrest refractory priests opposing the revolution
to seize arms to defend against royal reprisals
The Woman's March on Versailles on October 4, 1789 was a crucial turning point in the French Revolution because it
brought the king and assembly back to Paris
was embraced and supported by the king and queen
was a peace offering to the monarchy after the storming of the Bastille
forced the renunciation of feudal privileges
The term emigres was used to describe
nobles who stayed in France to fight against the revolution
supporters of the revolution who came from other countries
members of mobs in the Paris streets
nobles who fled France
The French Constitution of 1791
abolished the monarchy
established a constitutional monarchy
gave the vote to all citizens
reestablished the old provinces
During the Reign of Terror, Robespierre tried to
execute all French nobles
restore the Catholic Church
crush all opposition to the revolution
sign a separate peace treaty with countries fighting against France
Which of the following best explains the attitude of many European monarchs toward the French Revolution?
Since the revolution was strictly the internal affair of the French government, European monarch paid little attention.
Many rushed to aid Louis XVI.
On the one hand they welcomed anything that would weaken France's position; on the other hand, they feared the revolution spreading to their countries.
Many felt that it was time that radical reform came to France; therefore, they supported the revolution.
Besides the violence, how was the Jacobin phase of the revolution more radical than the previous National Assembly phase?
The Jacobins called for universal male suffrage and an end to all forms of monarchy.
The Jacobins called for the elimination of private property and the redistribution of wealth.
The Jacobins called for women of talent to hold key government positions.
The Jacobins called for the abolition of all borders for a united Europe.
Which French colony was inspired by and used the instability of the revolution to declare and eventually gain its independence?
Haiti
Algeria
Guadeloupe
French Guiana
What became apparent after the Directory asked Napoleon to suppress pro-Royalist sympathizers in 1797?
Pro-Royalist sympathizers lost their final battle to try to turn the clock back in France to 1789.
The Directory came to rely more and more on the army for its power.
France was vulnerable to foreign enemies since the army was asked to establish order within France.
All of these choices.
None of these choices.
Czar Alexander I's most successful strategy in countering Napoleon's invasion of Russia was to
stand and fight at the Neman River.
surrender St. Petersburg.
make a stand in front of Moscow.
retreat and destroy food supplies.
The Napoleonic Code, enacted by Bonaparte in 1804, did all of the following EXCEPT
create laws that favored business and private enterprise.
reaffirm the patriarchal nature of the traditional family.
grant special privileges to the aristocracy.
form a basis for civil law copied in many countries.
Overall, the general goal of the allies at the Congress of Vienna was to
spread the revolutionary gains made in France to the rest of Europe.
anoint Russia as the new leader of Europe.
established boundaries and conditions in Europe to contain France.
create a permanent "Holy Alliance" between Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain.
Mercantilism was principally characterized by
government efforts to build a strong, self-sufficient economy
the efforts of the merchant class to influence policy by subsidizing the government
the efforts of bankers and exporters to establish free trade
the view that labor ought to be able to seek its own market
All of the following were reasons why the Dutch were the commercial and financial leaders in Europe in the 17th century EXCEPT
they standardized currency throughout Europe
the Dutch government guaranteed the safety of the deposits
the Dutch charged no interest on long-term loans
depositors were allowed to draw checks against their accounts
In the 18th century, the principle economic activity of the Netherlands was
banking and maritime commerce
tulip cultivation
timber production and export
agricultural production
Which of the following became a British possession as a result of the treaty that ended the War of the Spanish Succession?
Jamaica
Gibraltar
Canada
India
The scientist responsible for developing calculus and the theory of gravity was
Kepler
Leibniz
Mendeleev
Newton
All of the following mercantilist policies were implemented by Jean-Baptiste Colbert between 1648 and 1653 EXCEPT
establishing new industries and improving infrastructure
increasing internal tariffs
founding the French East India Company
creating a commercial code for businesses covering the entire country
What major impact did the Scientific Revolution have on the Enlightenment?
Through application of the concept of natural law to political theory, society could be governed in a more rational way.
With the confirmation of the existence of a supreme divinity, the concept of the divine right of kings was strengthened.
Failure to discover all of the laws that governed nature meant skepticism in separation of powers.
The Scientific Revolution had a marginal impact on the Enlightenment since the latter encompassed political theory, education, and culture while the former dealt with mathematics and science.
John Locke is most famous for advancing the concept of
a heliocentric concept of the universe
universal suffrage and a modern welfare state
all people having natural rights based on life, liberty, and property
economic justice for all
The center of the Enlightenment was
France
England
Prussia
Russia
Which of the following would be most adversely affected by the increase in the price of food?
urban workers
wealthy merchants
the clergy
the nobility
Typically, the largest expenditure item in the budget of an 18th century state - excluding interest on national debt - was
military
royal palaces
education
infrastructure projects
Which of the following was the key aim of the British Corn Laws in the early 1800s?
export grain at cheaper prices to France.
improve the quality of British grain.
protect the interests of British grain producers from foreign imports.
set up a free-trade zone among farmers in western Europe.
Industrialization in the textile industry resulted in
better paying jobs
the establishment of factories
improved working conditions
more reliance on silk from China
In which of the following ways did Britain's colonial empire contribute to the country's industrialization?
Industrial technology was shared with the colonies, thus improving the empire's overall industrial output.
Colonial laborers worked for much cheaper wages than unionized British workers.
The colonies provided a growing market for British manufactured goods.
British companies established factories in the colonies that produced inexpensive goods.
Which of the following does NOT describe Britain's enclosure movement?
It led to commercial farming.
Enclosure was legislated by Parliament.
It was a means of collectivizing agricultural ownership.
It was a process led by large landowners.
The first factories in Britain's Industrial Revolution produced
textiles
tools
machines
trains
18th century inventions by James Hargreaves, Richard Arkwright, and Edmund Cartwright led to
a dramatic increase in the cotton textile industry
the extensive use of cottage industry in Great Britain
the need for oil as a new energy source
faster ships being manufactured
The creation of what customs union among the German states in 1834 facilitated industrialization and became the basis of the political unification of the German states?
the Bundestag
the Reichstag
the Maastricht Treaty
the Zollverein
The population of Europe almost doubled between 1750 and 1850 mainly as a result of
fewer deaths due to armed conflict
shrinking death rates as a result of declining the number of famines and epidemics
less use of contraceptives
government programs that provided subsidies to families that had more than two children
Which of the following was the only European nation country to suffer a declining population in the 19th century?
France
Great Britain
Belgium
Ireland
The Reform Act of 1832 in Britain
created a standing army for the first time
expanded the number of voters
abolished the House of Lords
granted the right to vote to women of aristocratic background
Liberalism was likely to win the most support among which of the following groups?
peasants
factory workers
nobles
bourgeoisie
England avoided revolution in the 1800s for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
the government extended voting rights twice in 1832 and 1867
the government enacted labor and industrial reforms to lessen the pain caused by the Industrial Revolution
there was universal suffrage and an extensive social welfare system in place to help the poor
the long-standing tradition of parliamentary representation
Which 19th century British handicraft workers protested against the Industrial Revolution by smashing machines that they felt put them out of work?
Fabians
Marxists
Wreckers
Luddites
Louis Blanc's "social workshops" were an example of
laissez-faire economics
the standard factory during the Industrial Revolution
Utopian Socialism
central planning
A common aspect of the revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848 was
the hostility to the institution of the monarch
the destruction of Catholic Church property and the elimination of it from French political life
attempts by bourgeois liberals to limit the revolution by keeping the working class and its leaders shut out of politics
confiscation of noble property
Which of the following early 19th century political figures was most closely identified with the concept of the "Concert of Europe"?
Castlereagh
Napoleon I
Talleyrand
Metternich
This Romantic painter was noted for his landscape and seascape paintings that portrayed light in dynamic, dramatic ways. His work would influence the Impressionists. he was
Caspar David Friedrich
J.M.W. Turner
William Blake
Eugene Delacroix
Romantic nationalism was embraced by many artists, many of whom also espoused the values of
Socialism
Conservatism
Liberalism
Radicalism
All of the following are important principles of Romanticism EXCEPT
emphasis on moods and expressions
emphasis on peculiar customs that the intellect could never classify
the importance of the subconscious
the use of dramatic imagery to provoke emotion
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance?
emphasis on the individual
glorification of human achievement
steadfast support for the church's leading role in society
new attempts to reconcile the pagan philosophy of the Greco-Roman world with Christian thought
Florence was to the Italian Renaissance what
Constantinople was to the development of the Islamic cultural revival of the 13th century
Moscow was to the Northern Renaissance
Athens was to classical Greek culture
Madrid was to western European Jewish intellectual life after 1492
Machiavelli's book The Prince is regarded as a definitive text on the art of ruthless, self-serving politics and the author is described, by some, as the father of modern political theory. Many scholars believe Machiavelli drew inspiration from the life and acts of
Francisco Sforza
Cesare Borgia
Frederick Barbarossa
Bartolomeo Colleoni
Italy remained disunited for many reasons, EXCEPT
the pope could not unit Italy because of the Avignon papacy
religious conflict in the 16th century
conflicting economic interests of the various city-states
constant attacks and occupations by foreign powers
Italian humanism gave rise to
Greek becoming the official literary language of the Renaissance writers
the welfare state
the movement toward writing in the vernacular in Europe
the movement known as liberation theology
Gutenberg's printing press opened the door to widespread dissemination of books and pamphlets in the early years of the Renaissance. This had a profound effect on daily life in many ways including
allowing people to read alone rather than listening to someone recite out loud
encouraging the scholarship of Latin among the poorer classes
nurturing a sense of individual identity
creating a sense of "One Europe"
Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance?
interest in science and technology
greater concern with religious piety
cultivation of a Latin style
growth of national language in literature
All of the following reasons best describe why Poland experienced the Renaissance and Russia did not EXCEPT
Poland was a Roman Catholic country while Russia was Eastern Orthodox and under the cultural influence of the Byzantine Empire
Poland was at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire while Russia was not
Russia was cut off from cultural and intellectual trends coming from western Europe by the Mongol occupation (1240-1480)
Poland was geographically closer to Rome and the Italian city-states where the Renaissance began
According to Baldassare Castiglione, the goal of the education system in the 16th century was to
provide a practical education in construction and commerce
offer the same learning opportunities to boys and girls
phase out the study of the classics in favor of more practical "career" and technical disciplines
provide a young man with a well-rounded education including knowledge of the arts, mathematics, and oration skills
Catherine de Medici, daughter of Lorenzo II de Medici, was married in 1553 to Henry II of France. Considered a true daughter of the Renaissance, as Queen of France she is credited with bringing several aspects of Italian Renaissance culture to the French court, but one of her achievements listed below is the subject of dispute.
She brought Italian dance to the court which would evolve into modern ballet.
She patronized painters in the grand manner of the Medici family
She influenced the development of traditional French cuisine.
She commissioned several large architectural projects
All of the following were reasons why Germany and Flanders were the center of the northern Renaissance?
German banking families were among the wealthiest in Europe
the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks resulted in a mass exodus of Byzantine scholars to the Holy Roman Empire and Flanders
the German-speaking world was the center of European intellectual life during this period
the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 greatly facilitated the spread of humanist writing
Sandro Botticelli's two famous works, The Birth of Venus and La Primavera,
convey the spiritual appeal of the afterlife
portray nature and humans realistically
are dominated by pagan themes
illustrate the dominance of males over females
Florence's Filippo Brunelleschi is considered one of the founding fathers of the Italian Renaissance. His seminal work in Florence is the
Ponte Vecchio
The Gates of Paradise on the Baptistry
The Dome of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore
The Uffizi Palace
Nicholas Copernicus' major contribution to scientific knowledge was
the discovery of the laws of gravitational pull
the universe was heliocentric
the development of calculus
the development of the period table of elements
What effect did the Scientific Revolution have on the authority of the Catholic Church?
It strengthened its intellectual authority since most scientists of the 16th century were Catholic.
It weakened its authority since more natural phenomena that had been traditionally left to the clerical leaders were now being explained through scientific inquiry.
The Catholic Church worked closely with the scientific community to develop methods that would alleviate suffering on earth.
It led to the Protestant Reformation.
Despite the new emphasis on observation and scientific method, the study of alchemy and astrology continued to be popular among the many elites during the 15th and 16th centuries because the two areas of study
offered an exciting viewpoint on the natural world
imposed a kind of scientific order on nature of materials and the cosmos
promised to create riches through chemistry and foretelling of future events
provided entertainment for the wealthy classes
Which of the following states proved to be the exception to the trend of centralization?
England
the Holy Roman Empire
France
Spain
Charles V was on of along line of Austrian rulers of the Holy Roman Empire (1452-1806) from which family?
Hapsburg
Tudor
Valois
Hohenzollern
All of the following were methods that monarchs in Russia, France, and Spain employed to consolidate their rule EXCEPT
promoting ethnic and religious nationalism
breaking the independent power of the nobility
securing control over levying taxes
establishing a close but dominant relationship with the Christian Church in their lands
Identify the nation by the list of ruling families
-Aragon
-Castile
-Trastamara
-Hapsburg
England
France
Spain
Holy Roman Empire
Identify the nation by the list of ruling families.
-Lancaster
-York
-Tudor
-Stuart
England
France
Spain
Holy Roman Empire
Identify the nation by the list of ruling families.
-Valois
-Bourbon
England
France
Spain
Holy Roman Empire
In 1640, Charles I called Parliament into session because he
needed money to pursue his war against France
became a supporter of democratic principles
wanted to change his religion
needed money to suppress a rebellion in Scotland
Louis XIV supported all of the following EXCEPT
the building of the Palace of Versailles
cooperation with the Estates General
art and culture
the policies of Cardinal Mazarin
Cardinal Richelieu's chief goal was
to destroy the nobles' and Huguenots' power
to increase papal influence over the French king
to avoid alliances with Protestant countries
to conquer England
The period of political instability in Russia known as the Time of Troubles
led to the occupation of the country by the Mongols
resulted in the beginning of the Romanov dynasty
led to the split in the Russian Orthodox Church
led to the strengthening of serfdom
Why did France support the Protestant rebels fighting against the Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire?
It wanted to weaken and fragment the Holy Roman Empire.
King Henry IV of France was a Huguenot and, therefore, a supporter of German Protestants.
The German Protestants had helped King Henry IV, a Huguenot, assume the throne in France.
Revenge was sought for the pope excommunicating the entire French clergy.
According to John Calvin, certain people were "predestined" to go to heaven. What did he mean by this?
Only Calvinists would go to heaven.
People who did good works would go to heaven.
Calvinists and Lutherans were destined to go to heaven, but not Catholics.
God has already chosen if one would be saved prior to their death.
The parallel transfer of people, cultures, animals, food, and disease between Europe, Africa, and the Western Hemisphere as a result of the Spanish colonization of the New World is known as the
Cartesian swap
Faustian bargain
Columbian Exchange
Middle Passage
