Leonardo da Vinci's masterpiece depicting the final meal that Jesus shared with his disciples

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

A painting by Leonardo da Vinci of a woman with a mysterious smile. It is now of the most readily recognized paintings in the world.

A form of government in which the ruler has absolute power and has total control over the nation. They are not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition.

a member of a South American Indian people living in the central Andes before the Spanish conquest who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru.

A system instituted by Spain in which residents of Indian villages remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year; replaced the encomienda system in 1550.

An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets

Queen of England known for her religious persecutions during her reign. A devout Catholic, she targeted Protestants trying to win England back to the Roman Catholic Church, arrested opposing Protestants and burned at least 300 people at the stake; "Bloody Mary"

The rise in the price of goods while the value of money stays the same.

Governments in northern Europe, especially in Britain, built these man-made waterways in the 1700s and 1800s to benefit commerce. It contributed to the rise of industrialization.

A Russian peasant and self-proclaimed mystic who gained significant influence over Czar Nicholas II's wife, Alexandra, prior to the revolutions of 1917.

Overthrow of the government, generally by force.

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

A person who studies humanity - the origin and development of human beings and their societies.

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

greatest builder of the ottoman empire, his buildings expressed the discipline, power, and devotion to Islam that characterized the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman

Geoffrey Chaucer's English masterpiece poem written during the Renaissance.

Indigenous African ruler who encountered Henry Stanley & his men along the Congo River

A French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people.

Robert Fulton's invention that increased trade and transport, namely in Mississippi

court of the Roman Catholic Church that wanted to get rid of heresy; they would punish and torture people who did not agree with the Catholic church; especially active in Spain in the later 1400s and 1500s

Eli Whitney's invention that removed seeds from cotton faster than any man, at least ten times more; it called for more production, meaning more slaves

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. A leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), he was later expelled from the Communist Party (1927) and banished (1929) for his opposition to the authoritarianism of Stalin. Later Assassinated in Mexico City.

English poet remembered as author of the Canterbury Tales (1340-1400)

An aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance.

This Spanish Baroque artist was the artist of Philip IV's court in the 17th century. He is known for his realistic portraits of the royal family in Spain's Golden Age.

The process of transitioning to using machines to make goods.

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, usually used by authoritarians to fool their people into feeling superior to those in other nations. the N in MAIN causes of WWI.

This general was premier of Japan during World War II while this man was dictator of the country. He gave his approval for the attack on Pearl Harbor and played a major role in Japan's military decisions until he resigned in 1944

French Island where Napoleon was born. Near Italy, people there speak French with a slight Italian accent.

The period of time when the central and South American colonists (of mostly Spain, but also France and Brazil) worked towards becoming independent nations

Dutch Baroque painter renowned for his use of light and painted everyday scenes (1632-1675)

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity.

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver from Colonies, forcing them to sell only to their mother country, and by selling more goods than they bought

A printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century.

literally "hands off" capitalism, meaning that the government doesn't interfere in the market

information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view.

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (though he didn't quite make it)

When it gained independence in 1804, it was the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean, as well as the only nation in the world established as a result of a successful slave revolt.

A colonial soldier for Spain in its Peninsular War with France who would later fight to liberate his native Argentina as well as Chile from Spain. He also aided in the liberation of Peru.

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

An alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.

German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist. His sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity

This organization was created by Robespierre; it's primary purpose was to "try" and execute enemies of the Revolution.

The U.S. President's vision for American involvement in Foreign Affairs to promote principles such as peace in the post WWI .

Protestant church, official church of the United Kingdom, founded by King Henry VIII during the Reformation.

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

This French Romantic painter is most famous for his painting called Liberty Leading the People.

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Notions of strong nationalism helped both countries unite into a nation-state in the late 1800's; wanted to prove their strength through imperialism (nationalistic)

European countries sent their own citizens to govern colonies

The year that marks the beginning of the French Revolution. This conflict officially begins with the Storming of the Bastille.

3rd President of the United States, chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore it (1743-1826); head of the Democratic Republicans; believed in strong state government/power; believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution

Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887.

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Painting style that emerged out of the age of revolutions that showed classical subjects, public events, natural scenes, and living people (portraits). It emphasized the emotional, spiritual, representation of the ideal, reminiscence for the beauty of times past, and a preference for exotic themes.

An agreement during the Reformation declaring that the religion (Catholic or Protestant) of each German state would be decided by its ruler.

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Doctrine that states that the right of ruling comes from God and not people's consent

A native South American who led revolutionary efforts in much of the northern areas of South America, specifically Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela

Son of King James; He believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans and other religious groups in England. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union through World War II.

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed.

Period in French history when thousands were killed during Robespierre's rule, which began in 1793 and ended in July 1794.

A theory that states voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

A meeting called by Pope Paul III to discuss and reform practices of the Catholic Church, limit the effects of the Protestant Reformation, and condemn the actions of Martin Luther.

Renaissance secular work originating in Italy for voices, with or without instruments, set to a short, lyric love poem; also popular in England.

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance.

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

French societal and political division or estate consisting of the Roman Catholic high clergy (religious officials).

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Empire that consisted of Enormous Portions of West Africa and the Sahara, Syria, Lebanon, Vietnam, Laos & Cambodia, parts of South America, along with Madagascar and many other islands around the world.

the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.

Long revolutionary process in the period 1912-1949 that began with the overthrow of the Chinese imperial system and ended with the triumph of the Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong.

prevailing winds that blow from east to west from 30 degrees latitude to the equator in both hemispheres headed towards the equator

Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law

an opinion that went against the Catholic Church

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Beheading machine used during the Reign of Terror

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

A professional form of theatrical improvisation, developed in Italy in the 1500's, featuring stock characters and standardized plots.

Only those colonists that were born in Spain could have this title.

Peninsula in southwestern Europe occupied by Spain and Portugal

Renaissance invention; made possible the mass production of printed books and other texts,; increased literacy.

Ideas of Calvinism in the Protestant Reformation that God has already planned out a person's life and where they will spend eternity (at birth)

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

American inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts

The brutal system of forced migration of African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. It changed the economy, politics, and environment. It affected Africa, Europe, and America. It implies that slaves were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization, headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism, racism, corporatism. There is no tolerance of opposition or minorities.

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king

An Italian city that by 1000 C.E. emerged as a major center of Mediterranean trade.

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war. the M in MAIN causes of WWI.

Triangular sail that was developed in Indian Ocean trade that allowed a ship to sail against the wind.

Became a symbol of the city of Florence, as well as one of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture and engineering

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Prompted by labor unrest, personal liberties, and elected representatives, this political revolution occurred in 1917 when Czar Nicholas II was murdered and Vladimir Lenin sought control to implement his ideas of socialism.

President of the United States during most of the 1930s and early 1940s, through the Great Depression and most of World War II.

Northern European style of building Ships that were made with overlapping planks of wood to give them strength against the harsh North and Baltic Seas

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions into the heart of Africa. He helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

After the Battle of Waterloo, the island off the coast of Africa in the South Atlantic where Napoleon was exiled to a final time

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic.

An artistic technique that creates the appearance of three dimensions on a flat surface.

Economic, political, religious, exploratory, ideological

heat engine that performs mechanical work basically with the power of boiling water; it also powered factories and many other inventions.

a system that uses reflected radio waves through the air to detect objects and measure their distance and speed.

French societal and political division (estate) consisting of mostly well-off merchants and skilled workers who lacked the status of nobles, city workers, peasants or farm workers. Also included the lower clergy, such as local priests and ministers.

Holy Roman Emperor and a Catholic. He tried to stop the Reformation by declaring war on Protestants.

The native Spanish-born at the top of the Encomienda system

Written by Dante Alighieri between 1308 and his death in 1321, it is widely considered the central epic poem of Italian literature, and one of the greatest of world literature.

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

After the communists gained control of Russia, their leader Vladimir Lenin signed a deal with Germany in 1918. Called the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist Communist state in Cuba, allied to the Soviet Union

A Renaissance dance form featuring a carefully choreographed staged presentation of group or solo dancing with music, costumes, and scenery.

the larger than expected generation in United States born shortly after World War II. People porn between 1946-1964 could be considered "Baby Boomers"

invention of Samuel B. Morse that kept the US closer by letting people communicate to others that were miles away

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."

1785-1799. Five man group. Passed a new constitution in 1795 that was much more conservative. Corrupt and did not help the poor, but remained in power because of military strength. By 1797 it was a dictatorship. Napoleon overthrew it in 1799.

This French document, inspired by the American Declaration of Independence, guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech, and freedom of religion.

A Spanish conqueror of the Americas

He is the most famous Flemish Baroque artist who studied Michelangelo in Italy and took that Renaissance style to the next level of drama, motion, color, religion and animation, which is portrayed in his paintings

French Calvinists

Eli Whitney's invention first used for weaponry. Allowed for parts of weapons to be replaced without getting a new weapon. Led to assembly line and gave US factory systems fame

Austrian born, German Nazi dictator who is responsible for World War II. Implemented right-wing Fascism as well as carried out the Holocaust against Jewish people and other minorities in Europe.

A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.

Started canning food in glass bottles sterilized in boiling water

Satisfying the demands of potential enemy powers in an effort to maintain peace and stability.

ruled England for 50 years and was one of the most successful monarchs in English history; restored the Anglican (Protestant) church in England; kind and fair queen

(1473-1543) A Polish astronomer who proved that the Ptolemaic system was inaccurate, he proposed the theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the solar system.

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings

A nuclear weapon in which enormous energy is released by nuclear fission (splitting atoms) These bombs were dropped by Americans on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan destroying much of both cities, and leaving scars still seen today.

It fell behind the industrial and political developments in Western Europe and America. Nationalism helped tear it into smaller nations.

8,000 ft above sea level between mountain peaks has a sun temple, public buildings, and a central places, possible religious center or an estate of wealthy nobility.

Lenin, Stalin and Trotsky's motto- appeal to the people. How the Communists were able to gain wider support.

The site of Napoleon's defeat by British and Prussian armies in 1815, which ended his last bid for power

Everyday language of ordinary people. During the Renaissance, literature began to be published in this kind of language.

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

He is known as the "Father of Computers." He developed this Engine and the Analytical Engine. These two machines were powered by steam to move the punch cards and operate the gears. His ideas were later used to design calculators and computers.

Dual monarchy that ruled over many ethnic groups. Nationalism caused tension within the empire such as Bosnian Serbs fighting to join the nation of Serbia.

(1564-1642) Italian scientist who used telescopes to prove Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.