As cellular parasites, they are dependent on the host cell for energy and the biochemical substrates required for replication and protein synthesis.

possess only one type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and their organized structure is lost during replication of the genome in the host cell.

do not grow through cell division, because they are acellular; instead, they use the machinery and metabolism of a host cell to produce multiple copies of themselves.

It is an effect that virus can still cause degenerative effects within a cell without causing its death.

is a basic antibody that is present on B cells.

is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or an antigen in a sample.

is a technique widely used in molecular biology. It derives its name from one of its key components, a DNA polymerase used to multiply (i.e., replicate) a piece of DNA by in enzymatic multiplication.

is a specific binding between viral capsid proteins and specific receptors on the host cellular surface. This specificity determines the host range of a virus.

Penetration: following attachment, virus,enter the host cell through receptor medicated endocytosis or membrane fusion.

a process that viral capsid is removed is degraded by viral enzymes or host enzymes thus releasing the viral genomic nucleic acid.

involves synthesis of iral messenger RNA ( mRNA) for viruses except positive sense RNA viruses, viral protein synthesis and assembly of vital proteins and vital genome replication. The vital RNA is ready to enter the host cell and ecome integrated into the DNA.

this modification occurs aft ether virus has been released from the host cell. The viral RNA carries information that codes for viral proteins and enzymes. Therefore it is also called messenger RNA. The codes on the viral RNA are translated into proteins and enzymes in form of a chain called polypeptide chain

During this process the virus acquires its phospholipid enevelope which containes embedded viral glycoproteins.: Budding

Useful in the prevention and treatment of influenza caused by influenza A virus. It is not effective against influenza B virus.; tx for Parkinson's disease

is an orally administered antiviral drug used to treat and in rare cases prevent, Influenzaavirus A infection.

can produce gastrointestinal and central nervous system adverse effects Studies have shown it produces fewer side effects than other anti-viral influenza treatments. Approximately 6% of patients reported side effects.

Active only against DNA Viruses (Herpes & vaccinia) Phosphorylated by viral DNA thymidylate kinase to the monophosphate to triphosphate ; 0.1% ophthalmic solution; 0.5% ophthalmic ointment.

Similar to idoxuridine Having trifluoromethyl group in place of iodine atom at the 5 position. 1% sterile opthalime solution ( Keratoconjunctivits –HSV 1 & 2) Heat sensitive, requiring refrigeration before and after dispensing. Lose 10% potency in 1 month 25C Less than 10% in 3 years at 4-8C

Originally as anticancer agent Active against DNA viruses Alternative to idoxuridine (herpes simplex keratitis encephalitis) Streptomyces antibioticus ; 3% ointment (keratitis caused by HSV)

chemical name acycloguanosine, is a guanine analogue antiviral drug, marketed under trade names such as Zovirax and Zovir

was seen as the start of a new era in antiviral therapy, as it is extremely selective and low in cytotoxicity.

Adverse effect : GI upset, headache, dizziness, lethargy, joint pain Thrombophlebitis from IV administration

is a basic antibody that is present on B cells.

is an antiviral drug used in the management of herpes simplex and herpes zoster. It is a prodrug, being converted invivo to acyclovir. It is marketed by GSK under the trade name Valtrex or Zelitrex.

prodrug that is converted by esterases to active drug acyclovir via hepatic first pass metabolism. Same mechanism as acyclovir

is an antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus or CMV infections ;is marketed under the trade name Cytovene, Cymevene and Vitrasert.

a synthetic analogue of 2’-deoxy-guanosine. It is first phosphorylated to a deoxyguanosine triphosphate analog. This competitively inhibits the incorporation of dGTP by viral DNA polymerase, resulting in the termination of elongation of viral DNA.

is a guanine analogue antiviral drug used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections; It is a nucleoside analogue which exhibits low toxicity and good selectivity. Because it is absorbed poorly when given orally it is used more as a topical treatment and is the active ingredient in the cold sore medications Denavir and Fenistil

Against several DNA viruses Phosphorylated by cellular kinases to diphosphate; Antimetabolite for dexoycytosine triphosphate ; Copetitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase Slow IV infution CMV retinitis in AIDS patient TOXICITY: RENAL IMPAIRMENT ADMINISTER TOGETHER WITH PROBENECID; NEPHROTOXICITY

is the conjugate base of the chemical compound with the formula HO2CPO3H2 ;This phosphoric acid derivative is marketed by AstraZeneca as under the Trade name Foscavir. It is an antiviral medication used to treat herpes viruses including CMV and herpes simplex types 1 and 2 ; It is particularly used to treat CMV retinitis. It can be used to treat highly experience patients with HIV.

Are a class of antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV infection, tumors and cancer: inhibit activity of rerese transcriptase, a viral DNA polymerase enzyme that HIV needs to reproduce.

Common infectious diseases & an enormous public-health problem.

Caused by PROTOZOAN PARASITES of the genus PLASMODIUM.

identified that the carrier of malaria is the female anopheles mosquito; won a nobel prize in medicine 1902

uses still water (nocturnal feeder)

In the human host, the sporozoites rapidly (within 20mins) penetrate parenchymal cells of the liver, here they transform into large TISSUE SCHIZONTS that reproduce asexually to generate large numbers of _________

After this asexual propogation, some merozoites develop into _____________ which are ingested by the next mosquito sucking blood.

they produce OOCYSTS each of which generates around _____ SPOROZOITES.

(MALIGNANT TERTIAN SUBTERIAN)

;Caused approx. 50% of all malaria Most severe from debilitating form of disease (pts. feel ill bet. acute attacks) Infects 65% of the patients of erythrocytes

(BENIGN TERTIAN MALARIA)

2nd most common species 40% of all malaria cases Chronic, it can reinfect the liver

QUARTAN MALARIA)

10% malarial cases Relapses are very common

(MILD TERTIAN MALARIA)

Least common among the species

No drug is effective

Chloroguanidine HCL Cycloguanil Pamoate Pyrimethamine

therapy & prophylaxis; usefulness now reduced due to reistance