Minorities in the A-H Empire such as Poles, Croats, Czechs, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes, and Little Russians who wanted autonomy, but were dominated by A-H.

A system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.

19th century was an age of increasing secularism manifesting itself in the idea that all mental, spiritual, and ideal realities were the result of physical forces.

1853 conflict in which the Ottoman Empire halted Russian expansion near the Black Sea. Britain and France entered the war against Russia to preserve the balance of power. Ended with the Treat of Paris.

The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. The Compromise partially re- established the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hungary, separate from, and no longer subject to the Austrian Empire

Succeeded his assassinated father as tsar, and returned Russia to traditional methods of repression.

Emperor of Austria (1848-1916) and king of Hungary (1867-1916), who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners.

1905 conflict between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea; won by Japan. Led to Revolution of 1905 in Russia.

Power source led to a switch from coal to oil for a fuel base, and to development of the automobile and the airplane.

After 1850, a movement in art and literature that the world should be viewed and portrayed as it really is.

German philosopher, social scientist, journalist and businessman. Co-founded Marxist theory--1845 published The Condition of the Working Class in England

German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism whose work was the foundation for Marx.

Tension or antagonism which exists in society due to competing socioeconomic interests and desires between people of different classes

Partition of trading privileges and areas in China among Britain, France, Germany, Russia, the United States, and Japan.

1British explorer whose travels in Australia between 1768-1771 sparked British interest in the East

New product of the SIR that replaced the heavier iron and allowed for lighter, smaller machines.

Violent anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, toward the end of the Qing dynasty.

British nurse who insisted on strict sanitary conditions that saved many lives during the Crimean war; her actions helped make nursing a profession for middle-class women.

Emerging innovations during the Second IR that allowed Germany to overtake Great Britain in the production of alkaline, soap, paper, and dye.

Indian mercenary rebellion of 1857 was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India between 1857-58 against the rule of the British East India Company.

Moderate Italian prime minister of Piedmont and consummate politician who favored a constitutional government; oversaw process of Italian unification.

The class that, in contrast to the proletariat or wage-earning class, is primarily concerned with property values--middle class.

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs

German customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership. It created a free-trade area throughout much of Germany and is often seen as an important step in German reunification.

The occupation, division, and colonization of African territory by European powers during the period of New Imperialism, between 1881 and 1914.

Renovation, Revolution, Reform, or Renewal, was an event that restored practical imperial rule to Japan in 1868; adoption of Western industrialism and political and economic organization.

1870-1871 conflict in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France. The war marked the end of French hegemony in continental Europe and resulted in the creation of a unified Germany.

Victorian novelist whose works focused on the reality of middle and lower class life--Oliver Twist, A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, A Tale of Two Cities and Great Expectations.

Philosophical system developed by August Comte that holds that every rationally justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified or is capable of logical or mathematical proof, and that therefore rejects metaphysics and theism.

A hallmark of the Second IR, precision tools allowed the creation of like pieces that could be put together on an assembly line.

(1866), war between Prussia on the one side and Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and certain minor German states on the other. It ended in a Prussian victory, which meant the exclusion of Austria from Germany.

King of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909 and became known for the founding and brutal exploitation of the Congo Free State as a private venture.

Brought on by Napoleon III to revamp the architecture of medieval Paris; modernized the city with broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares, and underground sewage.

The raw materials and means of labour (tools, machines, etc) employed in the production process.

Russian leader who came to power during the Crimean War, who tried to overhaul the Russian system; emancipated the serfs in 1861.

The word realism was coined to describe one of his paintings. His painting "Stonebreakers" showed a life-like portrayal of daily activities.

Also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.

A theory in which class struggle is a central element in the analysis of social change in Western societies." The antithesis of capitalism, which is seen as exploitive.

Prime minister, then Chancellor of a unified Germany. His masterful diplomacy skills were based on the idea of "Realpolitik."

Leader of France who became an authoritarian monarch and returned France to an empire, demonstrated how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power.

42. Philosopher, economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, journalist and revolutionary socialist.

43. In the context of colonialism and imperialism, the belief that in the struggle between nations, the fit are victorious and survive.

A series of wars between the Dutch settlers in Africa, known as Boers, and the British over control of parts of South Africa; eventually won by the British at a very high cost.

Critique of Political Economy by Karl Marx is a foundational theoretical text in materialist philosophy, economics and politics.

Period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The period featured an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions.

A group that served as an umbrella organization for working class interests among different countries.

Book by Marx and Engels--An attempt to explain the goals of Communism, as well as the theory underlying this movement. It argues that class struggles, or the exploitation of one class by another, are the motivating force behind all historical developments.

Tried to enlarge Prussian army, then appointed Otto von Bismarck as Prime Minister; became Kaiser Wilhelm the leader of a unified Germany in 1871.

The belief in the superiority of white peoples, and the responsibility that had to civilize the non-white/non-civilized peoples of the world; a poem by Rudyard Kipling about the Philippine-American War.

Leader of southern Italian unification who led the "Red Shirts." Had great military success taking Naples and the Two Sicilys, but deferred to Cavour who ultimately orchestrated Italian independence.