What cells do the bulk of absorption?

Chloride tends to be co-transported with _____ across villus cells.

Where does most chloride get paracellularly absorbed at?

The bulk of potassium absorption is accomplished using the ______.

True or false: most of the sodium being absorbed in the duodenum is from the diet.

_____ secrete chloride, sodium, and water.

True or false: When crypt cells secrete Cl, Na is drawn by negative charge and water follows.

True or false: Larger solutes are less likely to participate in solvent drag than small solutes.

The bulk of what the large intestine does is produce ______.

True or false: If you have colitis in a dog, severely watery diarrhea will always occur.

What of the following are types of diarrhea?

What type of diarrhea is characterized by excessive chloride secretion by crypt cells, reduced activity of villus cells, damage to tissue resulting in Prostaglandin E2 and I2 production, and mucous production as a result of microbial toxins?

Bacterial toxins from ______ cause a release of serotonin from enteroendrocrine cells, resulting in an opening of calcium channels from adjacent cell basolateral membranes and an increased secretion of chloride.

True or false: TNF-alpha and other cytokines made by macrophages and lymphocytes can bind to receptors on crypt cells and activate adenyl cyclase, eventually causing hypersecretion.

___________ secretes enterotoxin which binds to receptors linked to guanylate cyclase activity, resulting in increased levels of Cyclic GMP activity that causes an increase in mostly intracellular calcium and eventually hypersecretion.

True or false: Enterotoxigenic E. Coli LT toxin activates adenylate cyclase by irreversibly binding to its own G-protein coupled receptors on enterocytes, causing secretory diarrhea.

True or false: Toxins and inflammation have no effect on Villus cell Na-Cl coupled absorption abilities.

What type of diarrhea specifically refers to the loss of villus cells, enzymes, or tight junctions?

Which of the following are examples of protein losing enteropathy, in which protein leaks through damaged mucosa to enter the lumen of the gut instead of lacteals?

What type of blood in feces is likely to be red in color?

Which of the following results in just the tip of villus cells being destroyed in calves and piglets?

What malabsorptive diarrheal virus has a 100% piglet death loss associated with it? Hint: It destroys small intestine villus cells.

What usually gives veterinary students malabsorptive diarrhea and attacks both ileal cells and proximal colon cells?

Can you save a 3 day old piglet with TGE by using colon compensation? Hint: the animal's bacteria must be able to convert CHO to VFA to provide energy in addition to the Na/Water absorption.

What type of diarrhea is typically characterized by feeding of non-absorbable or poorly absorbable food? Example: Feeding calves milk replacer, which does not form curds in the abomasum and speeds rate at which it enters the intestines.

Sodium is transported ______ its chemical and electrical gradient at the apical membrane and _______ its chemical and electrical gradient at the basolateral membrane.

Intracellular Chloride concentrations are ______ than extracellular concentrations.

T/F: After water has been absorbed, the luminal K concentration is high enough to promote the bulk of the K to move transcellularly into the blood.

What cell type is the primary target for Canine Parvo virus?

The Colon is able to absorb which of the following?

Why would you want to administer opiates to reduce gut motility?

What is the purpose of administering hypertonic saline to a dehydrated animal rather than isotonic saline?

Why does the presence of oligosaccharides in feed reduce feed intake in neonates?

What is the main problem with the avian digestive tract?

Which birds would do not have a Crop?

Which of the following is true about the avian proventriculus?

T/F: The ventriculus lumen is lined with a thick layer of keratinized epithelial tissue known as the "pellicle" or "cuticle".

What is different about Glucose absorption in poultry compared to mammals?

Identify the correct order of structures from orad to aborad.

T/F: The Bursa of Fabricius is the site of B cell maturation

Which of the following is a theory about how satiety and feed intake are controlled?

What is the main advantage of gut microbes for ruminants and hindgut fermenters?

T/F: Probiotics is a mixture of normal gut bacteria to promote colonization within the animal

Can you give Penicillin to rabbits? Why?

When do you begin to see anaerobic gut microbes?

T/F: Prebiotics are substances that aim to selectively stimulate the growth and/or activity of lactobacilli or bifidobacteria in the colon.

Changes in gut microbiomes can have varying effects on what?

Which is not a Browser

What function(s) do the saccules in the Camelid rumen provide?

Which of the following is NOT a ruminant

Which of the following is NOT a hindgut fermenter

What is the purpose of accumulation of triglycerides and fat soluble vitamins in shark livers?

Salt water fish want to _______ salt across gills, fresh water fish want to _______ salt across its gills.

Mammary gland are adapted ________ glands and release ________ type secretions.

T/F: Oxytocin released due to the suckling reflex causes alveolar cells to secrete proteins and other stuff into the alveolar lumen.

Which association is incorrect?

Which association is incorrect?

T/F: Most nutrients and compounds are transported into the alveolar lumen paracellularly

Which of the following is true regarding lactogenesis?

How does bacteria get to a cow's udder to cause mastitis?

Why should you give fresh feed to a cow immediately after milking?

T/F: photoperiod is the #1 driver for most birds to begin reproductive period.

Storage tubules at the uterovaginal junction can store sperm to fertilize eggs for a period of time after insemination. How many days after insemination can the chicken and turkey fertilize eggs, respectively?

In hens, which ovary typically goes on to develop fully?

When is the shell is added to an egg?

What stimuli can cause a hen to exhibit brooding behaviors?

Which association is incorrect?

T/F: Estrus is a series of temporal transitions that define the female reproductive cycle.

Anestrous is seen in what patterns of the estrous cycle

Which hormone peaks at opposite times than the others during the estrous cycle?

Which hormones initiate change in gene expression via transmembrane receptors?

When are the main 4 hormones involved in the estrous cycle (E2, P4, LH, FSH) are at their lowest?

Which of the following needs to happen for ovulation to occur?

Which hormone is inhibited the strongest by Inhibin?

Identify the incorrect feedback mechanism of the follicular phase.

What are the two subphases of the luteal phase?

What is the order of progression for the luteal phase?

How does oxytocin and PGF-2a transport back and forth from the ovary to the uterus?

Which of the following is not a feedback mechanism of the luteal phase?

T/F: animals are sensitive to PGF-2a day 0 to day 5 post-estrus.