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WorksheetsTVMSC Evolution review (chapters 13, 14, 15)
Total questions: 67
Worksheet time: 34mins
Genetic drift refers to
change in allele frequencies resulting from natural selection
change in allele frequencies due to mutation rate
change in allele frequencies due to chance and "sampling" effects
change in allele frequencies due to dominance/recessive phenomena
Which of these is increased in magnitude in small populations?
mutation rate
genetic drift
non-randomness of mating
intensity of natural selection
What is "inbreeding depression"?
the depressed feeling people get from marrying close relatives
negative effects of mating with a close relative
any result fo mating with a close relative
What causes inbreeding depression?
obtaining two copies of a harmful recessive allele
obtaining at least one copy of a harmful recessive allele
obtaining a harmful dominant allele
obtaining two copies of a harmful dominant allele
If you have a copy of a rare, harmful, recessive allele, the chance that a close relative of yours would also have a copy is
he same as for any other member of the population
high compared to the probability of a randomly-selected member of the population
100%--i.e., it is inevitable
it's impossible to say without more information
What is a population bottleneck?
a population becomes quite small for a brief time, then grows larger
a population become permanently small
a population becomes much larger than it had been for a prolonged period
a time period during which there is much emigration out of the population
What is a likely result of genetic drift?
a constant degree of genetic diversity over time
a higher than usual mutation rate
a lowered mutation rate
loss of alleles from the population
Genetic drift is generally important
in any population
in small populations
in organisms that drift passively in water currents, like plankton
in populations experience intense natural selection
The "founder effect" is observed
in any small population
any time a new population is established
when a new population is established by a small number of individuals
in populations of any size, at pretty much any time
The founder effect is most closely related to
mutation rate
intensity of natural selection
extinction rate
genetic drift
A structure observed in two or more different species is homologous if
it resulted from a single evolutionary origin
it is very similar in appearance
it is very similar in function
it is similar in both structure and function
Which states the Biological Species Concept
a group of individuals that all look very much alike
all those individuals that can freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring
all those individuals that can freely interbreed and produce viable offspring
all those individuals that share a common ancestor at some point in the evolutionary past
Which of these are Hardy-Weinberg conditions?
no mutation
non-random mating
small population
no natural selection
Which of these are Hardy-Weinberg conditions?
no movement into or out of the populations
the organisms in question belong to a population
random mating
natural selection is weak or strong
What will occur if the five Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met?
allele frequencies will change over time
allele frequencies will not change over time
natural selection will occur
evolution will occur in the population
If the frequency of an allele in the population is 0.3, this means that, at this locus
30% of individuals will be homozyzgous for this allele
30% of all copies of this gene in the population will be the allele in question
30% of individuals will be homozygous for this allele AND 30% will be heterozygous for this allele
If, at a 2-allele locus (H, h), the frequency of the dominant allele, H, is 0.4, and Hardy-Weinberg assumptions conditions hold true. Which of the following to you expect to be true?
the frequency of HH homozygotes will be 0.16
the frequency of hh homozygote should be 0.36
The frequency of the Hh heterozygote should be 0.24
The frequency of the Hh heterozygote should be 0.48
In the previous question, suppose the observed genotype frequencies don't match the expected frequencies. What would you conclude?
natural selection is occurring
mutation is occurring
there is movement into or out of the population
one or more of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is being violated
Which would you probably find more interesting?
a case where observed genotype frequencies precisely match Hardy-Weinberg expectations
a case where observed genotype frequencies depart from Hardy-Weinberg expectations
Which is most capable of single-handedly, rapidly changing allele frequencies at a single locus?
natural selection
mutation
Which is likely to change allele frequencies in the least predictable fashion?
natural selection
genetic drift
mutation
You have studied three populations of one frog species for several years. In each case, the frequency of the h allele in increasing, and the frequency of the H allele is decreasing. This is probably due to
natural selection
mutation rate
genetic drift
If Red Foxes haven't changed much in thousands of years, this is probably due to
stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive or diversifying selection
genetic drift
If Polar Bears are slowly but constantly evolving larger (or smaller) body size, this is probably a result of
genetic drift
a changing mutation rate
stabilizing selection
directional selection
Sexual selection results from
competition among members of one sex, for access to matings with the other sex
pickiness on the part of one sex, as to which members of the other sex they prefer to mate with
either or both of the above
the pernicious effects of rock and roll
Which is true of a "ring species"?
each population can breed with its neighboring populations
the two populations at opposite "ends" of the "ring" cannot successfully mate with each other
Speciation is defined as
the creation or origination of a new species
the number of species occurring in a certain area
Most broadly defined, a reproductive barrier can be
a intrinsic characteristic of a species
a geographic barrier, such as a mountain range or ocean
According to Dr. W., a "reproductive isolation mechanism" is
a narrower concept than the term "reproductive barrier"
something else
According to Dr. W., a "reproductive isolation mechanism"
is anything that prevents species A from mating with species B
an evolved, intrinsic characteristic of a species
Reproductive isolation mechanisms, in animals, are probably most often based on some aspect of
behavior
timing of mating season
differences in geographic distribution
shape of genitalia (sex organs)
Aspects of "behavior" involved in reproductive isolation mechanisms may involve
anatomy (body size and shape)
coloration
odor and innate odor preference
behavior, for example, courtship displays
Which is most likely to be true
existence of a "pre-zygotic" (pre-mating) reproductive barrier will select for evolution of a "post-zygotic" (post-mating) barrier
existence of a "post-zygotic" (post-mating) reproductive barrier will select for evolution of a "pre-zygotic" (pre-mating) barrier
either of the above are equally likely
huh?
Polyploidy can result when
an individual mates with more than one mate, say a female frog with several males
members of two distinct species successfully breed
Hybridization, resulting in polyploid offspring
is quite common in animals, often resulting in an instantaneous new species
is quite common in plants, often resulting in an instantaneous new species
is rare in all types of organisms
is common in both plants & animals, and most new species arise this way.
A mule results from breeding a horse and a donkey. Why don't we regard a mule as a distinct species?
mules are virtually always infertile
because they are intermediate in nature between a horse and a donkey
mules are usually non-viable
Allopatric means
occurring in the same place
not occurring in the same place
Allopatric speciation occurs when
the original population is somehow isolated geographically into two populations that no longer exchange genes
speciation occurs despite the fact that the two "daughter" populations or species occur in the same place
Which of these "ties" the members of a species together as a single species?
they all experience largely the same mutations
they all experience similar natural selection pressures
gene flow
genetic drift
When a species population is separated into two populations for a very long time, without any gene flow between, what usually occurs?
they remain genetically identical for long stretches of time, due to "evolutionary momentum"
they remain genetically identical for long stretches of time, due to identical selection pressures affecting the two populations
they accumulate genetic differences, if for no other reason, due to the random nature of mutation
they accumulate genetic differences due to the random nature of mutation and may also experience different natural selection pressures
We now have how many known examples of natural selection in action in nature?
20
40
75
more than 100
Taxonomy is the science of
classification
different types of taxi cabs
"Systematics" is
the scientific study of biological diversity and its classification
another term for "systems theory"
"Cladistics" is
a currently popular approach to the classification of organisms
an old, outmoded approach to the classification of organisms
an effort to reconstruct evolutionary history
essentially non-evolutionary in its approach
A "clade" is
a group of organisms that share several similarities
the same as a family group (parents and their offspring)
a group of species including their common ancestor and all of its descendants, living and extinct
Which phylum of worms uses both longitudinal and circular muscles, and sliding bristle "anchors", to burrow?
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Which of these phyla is at the level of not having any true tissues?
Arthropoda
Nematoda
Porifera
Cnidaria
Which phylum filter-feeds by use of "collar cells"?
Porifera
Cnidaria
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Which of these show radial symmetry?
Porifera
Mollusca
Cnidaria
Arthropoda
Which phylum has venomous "stinging cells" it uses to subdue prey?
Nematoda
Cnidaria
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Which has a pseudocoelom or pseudocoel?
Platyhelminthes
Cnidaria
Nematoda
Annelida
Some members of which Phylum have a feeding organ called a "radula" that somewhat resembles a chain saw blade that goes back and forth?
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Cnidaria
Arthropoda
Which is the best diagnosis of a fungus?
an autrotrophic eukaryote
a heterotrophic eukaryote
a heterotrophic eukaryote that ingests food
a heterotrophic eukaryote in which food is digested externally
Which two are the only phyla with jointed appendages?
Chordata
Cnidaria
Mollusca
Arthropoda
A clade is
a group of closely related species
a common ancestor and all species descended from it
Which is used to define a clade
a shared ancestral trait
a shared, derived trait
any trait that two or more species share
"Body height" is
a character state
a character
"Tall" is
a character state
a character
A "derived" trait is
one that evolved long ago
one that evolved more recently
Which is/are most useful in diagnosing a mammal?
has a backbone
has four legs
has hair
has mammary glands
Which is diagnostic of a bird?
has a backbone
lays eggs
has feathers
has four appendages
Homodont dentition means
all teeth are the same
teeth are specialized into groups with different shape and function: incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Heterodont dentition means
teeth are all the same
teeth are specialized into groups with different shape and function: incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Who has heterodont dentition?
fishes
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
A two-chambered heart has no separate circuit of blood vessles to the lungs or gills--blood goes from heart to gills, on to rest of body and back to heart. Who has this arrangement?
fish
amphibians
reptiles
birds, mammals
a 4-chambered heart keeps oxygenated blood separate from unoxygenated blood; a "pulmonary" circuit take blood to the lungs and back to heart, then the "systemic" circuit takes oxygenated blood to rest of body. Who has this?
fishes
amphibians
reptiles
birds, mammals
a 3-chambered heart is like a 4-chambered heart except that some mixing of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood takes place--who has such an arrangement?
fishes
amphibians
all reptiles except crocodilians
birds, mammals
