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WorksheetsChapter 9 Test: The Civil War
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 8hrs 20mins
Chapter 9, Section 1
Which one of the following was a war goal of the South?
To get foreign recognition for their cause
To fight an entirely offensive war
To control the Potomac River
To free the slaves so they would fight for the Confederacy
Chapter 9, Section 1
What strength did the Confederacy possess in comparison to the Union?
The Confederacy had a tradition of supporting the federal government and the Union had a tradition of supporting secession.
The Confederacy had better leaders but the Union had more troops and abundant supplies.
The Confederacy had industry and the Union had many farms to produce food for troops.
The Confederacy had most of the gold and silver reserves, while the Union had massive inflation.
Chapter 9, Section 1
Which one of the following was a Union war goal?
Taking control of Washington, D.C.
Raiding and taking over the border states that were loyal to the Union
Stopping Northerners from migrating to the South during the war
Imposing a naval blockade on all Southern ports on the eastern seaboard and in the Gulf of Mexico
Chapter 9, Section 1
Which one of the following was an advantage of the North?
The North had a smaller population.
The North had well-trained and experienced commanders.
The North had to fight a defensive war.
The North had more factories.
Chapter 9, Section 1
The capital of the Confederacy started out at Montgomery, AL, but ended up being moved to __________, VA?
Richmond
Charlottesville
Petersburg
Lynchburg
Chapter 9, Section 1
The Civil War was fought from ______ to ______?
1860-1866
1865-1876
1861-1865
1857-1863
Which one of the following was an advantage of the Confederacy?
They fought on their own territory.
They had the most miles of railroad.
They had most of the factories.
They had a better source of currency.
What Congressional Act created a national currency of "greenbacks" in the United States?
Union Conscription Act
Legal Tender Act
Homestead Act
Emancipation Proclamation
"Peace Democrats" were viewed as traitors and were called _________ by Republicans.
Scalawags
Carpetbagers
Copperheads
Anacondas
Chapter 9, Section 1
All of the following were advantages of the North EXCEPT?
Seven out of eight military academies were in the North.
The North had more than half of all the railroad track in the country.
The national treasury belonged to the North.
About 90% of all the nation's factories were in the North.
Chapter 9, Section 1
By the end of the war the inflation rate in the Confederacy had reached _______% compared to the 80% inflation rate.
2,500%
5,500%
7,000%
9,000%
Chapter 9, Section 1
Who was the general-in-chief of the United States Army at the outset of the Civil War and suggested the strategy that became known as the Anaconda Plan?
Zachary Taylor
Winfield Scott
James Garfield
Ulysses S. Grant
Chapter 9, Section 1
Which one of the following was a war strategy of the Confederacy?
To fight a defensive was and win foreign recognition.
To get the Union Army to come deeper into the South and then surround them.
To takeover key Northern cities.
To control the Potomac River and blockade all goods coming into Washington, D.C.
Chapter 9, Section 2
Most historians consider the firing upon _________ as the opening shots of the Civil War?
Fort Knox
Fort Wilderness
Fort Wagner
Fort Sumter
Chapter 9, Section 2
What was General George McClellan's most serious flaw as a commander?
He was overly cautious and slow-moving.
He was inefficient at organizing and training.
He was an outspoken critic of President Lincoln.
He was unpopular with his men.
Chapter 9, Section 2
Who was freed by the Emancipation Proclamation as of January 1, 1863?
All slaves in the North and South.
Only slaves in the border states.
Only slaves in the District of Columbia.
Only slaves in the areas still under Confederate control.
Chapter 9, Section 2
Which one of the following was a reason why the Confederacy went on the offensive in 1862?
Confederates wanted to increase Lincoln's chances of losing the presidential election in 1864.
Confederates wanted to end the war quickly or gain foreign recognition.
Confederates wanted to train slaves to help fight for their cause and wanted to show them that Southerners could fight.
Confederates wanted to prove to Northerners that they were brave.
Chapter 9, Section 1
It was the _________ that exempted one white slave-owner or planter for every twenty Negroes he owned?
"Thirty-Negro" Law
"Twenty-Negro" Law
"Ten-Negro" Law
"One-on-One Negro" Law
Chapter 9, Section 2
The federal government saw its first victories achieved in a combined effort by the Union Army and ________?
the Secret Service
Marines
Air Force
Navy
Chapter 9, Section 2
Which one of the following battles produced the most casualties in a single day?
Battle of Gettysburg
The Seven Days' Battle
Battle of Fort Wagner
Battle of Antietam
Chapter 9, Section 2
Which one of the following is a reason why the Emancipation Proclamation was a turning point in the war?
It made the Confederacy stop fighting so the Southern states that was not occupied by the federal government could keep its slaves.
It freed all slaves in the North and South.
It helped transform the war from one to preserve the Union into a war to for human freedom and abolishing slavery.
It made Northerners and Southerners accept the fact that blacks had civil rights.
Chapter 9, Section 2
By 1862, the North tried to encourage enlistment by offering a _________?
Furlough
Bounty
Blockade runner
Pardon
Chapter 9, Section 2
Ulysses S. Grant and Andrew Foote wanted to transport troops down the Tennessee River so Union troops could take-over Corinth, MS. However, Confederate troops intercepted the federals in a valley with a little white church that was named "place of peace" in Hebrew. This ended up being the Battle of ________?
Shiloh
Fort Donelson
Antietam
Chancellorsville
Chapter 9, Section 2
The first Confederate capital that was captured and controlled by Union troops in February 1862, was Nashville, TN. The second Confederate capital taken by the federals occurred when David Farragut and Benjamin Butler took-over ________, in April 1862.
Columbia, SC
Frankfurt, KY
Jackson, MS
New Orleans, LA
Chapter 9, Section 2
In the summer of 1862, Confederate General Braxton Bragg took his Army of the Tennessee into Kentucky. What was his reason for launching a campaign through Kentucky?
Bragg believed that the governor of Kentucky was a Union sympathizer and he, along with other Confederate officials wanted the governor captured and executed.
Bragg, along with other Confederate officials, believed the people of Kentucky would rise up against the federal army.
Bragg was trying to intercept Ulysses S. Grant in Virginia by sneaking up behind him.
Bragg was ready to invade Ohio, the home state of many Union generals.
Chapter 9, Section 2
What was the name of George McClellan’s plan to transport 121,000 men to the Yorktown Peninsula and march northwest toward Richmond?
The Overland Campaign
The Anaconda Plan
The Peninsular Campaign
The River Plan
Chapter 9, Section 3
A staple food for Union soldiers was a simple type of cracker made with flour, water and a little salt. This was called __________?
Corn Meal
The Thunder Biscuit
Hard Tack
Grits
Chapter 9, Section 3
What triggered the New York City riots in 1863 between recently arrived immigrants and blacks?
Labor union activity and poor working conditions
Food shortages and a lack of jobs
Immigration policies and political party affiliation
Conscription and competition for jobs
Chapter 9, Section 3
How did Northern and Southern women contribute to the war effort?
They were commanders in the infantry.
They were nurses and helped care for the wounded.
They helped out on Southern plantations.
They protested to the Supreme Court.
Chapter 9, Section 3
Why were there so many casualties during the Civil War?
There were not any trained officers in the war.
There were not any trained soldiers in the war.
Strategy did not keep up with the rifled technology.
There were no technological advances made during the war.
Chapter 9, Section 3
Approximately how many African Americans served in the Union army and navy by the end of the war?
140,000
120,000
160,000
200,000
Chapter 9, Section 3
All of the following were ways women contributed to the war effort EXCEPT:
Managed farms and plantations
Became army scouts and spies
Worked as nurses
Became minister and preachers
Chapter 9, Section 3
Why did people of Irish ethnicity riot in New York City in 1863?
They were upset that free African Americans were competing for their jobs.
They were upset about the cost of living in New York City.
They were upset that more wealthy than poor working class people were drafted into the war.
They were upset over the minimum wage at the time.
Chapter 9, Section 3
The only Confederate executed by the federal government for war crimes and crimes against humanity was _______?
Wilmer McLean
Jefferson Davis
Alexander Stephens
Henry Wirz
Chapter 9, Section 3
During the Civil War, more people died from ____________ than they did from actual battle deaths.
Contaminated food
Disease and sickness
Amputations
Exhaustion and overwork
Chapter 9, Section 3
It was __________ that would go on to create the American Red Cross as result of her work in the Civil War.
Kate Cumming
Elizabeth Blackwell
Dorothea Dix
Clara Barton
Chapter 9, Section 3
It has been estimated that there were between ______ and _______ amputations during the Civil War.
40,000 and 50,000
60,000 and 70,000
10,000 and 20,000
20,000 and 30,000
Chapter 9, Section 3
Some historians have argued that the standard estimate of 620,000 total dead from the Civil War was too low. Recent scholarship has given us a new estimate of total dead from the Civil War at _________?
150,000
950,000
250,000
750,000
Chapter 9, Section 3
Both the Union and the Confederates had prisoner of war camps during the Civil War. However, the most infamous was a Confederate prison camp in Georgia called, ___________. It has been estimated that about 13,000 Union soldiers died there.
Andersonville
Elmira
Belle Isle
Stone's River
Chapter 9, Section 3
How was nursing transformed as a result of the Civil War?
It became a man's occupation after the war.
It became an occupation looked upon in low regard.
It became a forgotten science after the war.
It became a professionalized occupation after the war.
Chapter 9, Section 3
It was the well-known black abolitionist, _________, who approved of African Americans serving in the Civil War because he felt that it would help them overcome racial prejudice.
Frederick Douglass
Elijah P. Lovejoy
William Lloyd Garrison
Sojourner Truth
Chapter 9, Section 3
The word “conscription” means ___________?
to legally order someone to jail without stating the charges
to tighten or choke
to require someone into military service
to riot or protest over the issue
Chapter 9, Section 3
What was the 54th Massachusetts Regiment?
An African American regiment that assaulted a Confederate fort in Charleston Harbor.
A regiment of female nurses and health care providers.
A Union regiment of Irish volunteers who led the attack on Richmond.
A naval regiment that attacked New Orleans.
Chapter 9, Section 4
The Battle of Vicksburg is considered a major turning point because ________?
It split the confederacy in two and gave the Union control of the entire Mississippi.
It was the last time the Confederacy was able to attack into the North.
It gave Lincoln the victory he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
It served as the staging area for the “March to the Sea.”
Chapter 9, Section 4
Which one of the following battles of the Civil War was a turning point in 1863?
Shiloh
Gettysburg
First Bull Run
Fredericksburg
Chapter 9, Section 4
Which year was the pivotal year or turning point in the Civil War?
1865
1861
1864
1863
Glory
In the movie Glory, Matthew Broderick played Robert Gould Shaw, the son of a wealthy Boston abolitionist. What was his goal in this movie?
Train Union soldiers to fight against Confederates at Gettysburg in 1863.
Prepare Union soldiers for the "march to the sea" through Georgia in 1865.
Prepare Confederate soldiers for the invasion of Maryland in 1862.
Train a black regiment as Union soldiers to fight at Fort Wagner in South Carolina.
Glory
What was the attitude of most commanders in the Union Army toward black soldiers, as we witnessed in the movie Glory?
Most believed that blacks could not be good or competent soldiers.
Most believed that blacks should be sacrificed first to save whites from dying.
Most believed that blacks were superior soldiers to whites.
Most believed that blacks should be commanding white regiments.
Glory
Why did the African Americans in the 54th Regiment have an issue with their pay?
Black soldiers were paid more than white soldiers.
Black soldiers were paid less than white soldiers.
Black and white soldiers were paid the same, but commanders were paid more.
Black soldiers were paid according to rank, but white soldiers were paid a flat fee, regardless of rank.
Glory
Even though blacks fought for the Union Army and Navy, they still experienced __________ from their white counterparts.
prejudiced and discrimination
acceptance and tolerance
favoritism and preference
better pay and pensions
Glory
What was President Lincoln's assessment about using African Americans as troops fighting for the Union Army?
Lincoln said that the use of African Americans helped turn the tide of the war.
Lincoln said that the use of African Americans did not contribute to the overall outcome of the war.
Lincoln said that the use of African Americans and their contribution was made neutral because the Confederacy also used African Americans as troops.
Lincoln said that the use of African Americans was only a positive contribution when they did work behind the lines and did not help the federal government fight.
Glory
What's the significance of William Harvey Carney in the 54th Massachusetts Regiment?
He became the first African American to rise to the rank of Lieutenant General.
He became the first African American to lead a white regiment.
He was the first person to call the 54th MA Regiment the "Glory" unit.
He became the first African American to earn the Congressional Medal of Honor.
Chapter 9, Section 4
One of the turning points in this war occurred in 1863 when Union troops under the command of William Rosecrans was able to hold onto the city of ________ in Tennessee. This gave the federals the ability to control all of eastern Tennessee in the process.
Chattanooga
Memphis
Nashville
Chickamauga
Chapter 9, Section 4
This Union general, known for his dashing "sideburns," was in charge of Northern troops that suffered the worst defeats of the war in December 1862 and early 1863. Who was he?
Ambrose Burnside
George McClellan
John Pope
Joseph Johnston
Chapter 9, Section 4
Approximately how many total casualties occurred at Gettysburg in 1863?
35,000
30,000
43,000
50,000
Chapter 9, Section 4
All of the following were turning points in the Civil War EXCEPT:
Issuing the Emancipation Proclamation
Battle of Shiloh
Battle of Gettysburg
Battle of Vicksburg
Chapter 9, Section 4
Why was the Battle of Gettysburg a turning point in the war?
It gave the Confederates control of Pennsylvania.
It denied the Confederates from being recognized and supported by the British.
It gave the Union army control of Virginia.
It gave the Union army the ability to take over Richmond.
Chapter 9, Section 5
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Sherman's "March to the Sea"?
It included the capture of Richmond, VA, and the port of Annapolis, MD.
It led to the capture of ports at Jacksonville and Pensacola, FL.
It was marked by a sixty-mile wide path of destruction from Atlanta to Savannah, GA.
It's goal was to recapture Fort Sumter.
Chapter 9, Section 5
Where did the surrender of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant take place?
Atlanta
Appomattox
Fort Sumter
Chancellorsville
Chapter 9, Section 5
How did the military strategy change in the war's final years?
The war became more about maneuvering than it did about killing people.
Killing became more impersonal because hand-to-hand combat became obsolete.
The war was mainly fought in states north of Virginia during the last years of the war.
The war changed from being a war against armies into a war against armies and people.
Chapter 9, Section 5
William T. Sherman used “total warfare” in his march to the sea in 1864. What is “total warfare”?
Preserving as much of the countryside and the cities as one possibly can.
Destroying everything in sight.
Taking as many prisoners as possible.
Confiscating all property and valuable possessions for the federal government.
Chapter 9, Section 5
On his “March to the Sea,” General Sherman’s troops were stretched out to line that was _____ or _____ miles wide?
40 to 50
50 to 60
60 to 70
80 to 90
Chapter 9, Section 5
Of all the Civil War battles, which one ranks as the costliest in terms of casualties?
Spotsylvania
Chickamauga
The Wilderness
Gettysburg
Costliest Battles of the Civil War
The second costliest battle of the Civil War in terms of casualties was ________?
Shiloh
Battle of Stone's River
Battle of Fort Donelson
Chickamauga
Chapter 9, Section 5
Which state was first to secede from the Union?
Georgia
Missouri
South Carolina
Virginia
Chapter 9, Section 5
This man ran against Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election. He ran as a "Peace" Democrat and was one of Lincoln's former general-in-chief's. Who was he?
Andrew Johnson
George McClellan
Joseph Hooker
Alexander Stephens
Chapter 9, Section 5
How come people called for Grant's resignation after the Battle of Cold Harbor?
Grant tried to take the city by siege.
Grant started the forest around the battle site on fire and burned many people, Union and Confederate, to death.
Grant launched an all-out assault against all odds and suffered twice as many casualties.
Grant killed Robert E. Lee but Lincoln wanted him captured alive and brought to Washington, D.C.
Chapter 9, Section 5
Lincoln took his re-election in 1864 as a mandate to end slavery for good. What is a "mandate"?
Giving someone the authorization to act or the approval to carry out a policy
Giving people the right to loot or plunder
Refusing to give someone the right or approval to carry out a policy
A reward given to someone so they act according to one’s wishes
Chapter 9, Section 5
What amendment was passed by the House of Representatives by the end of January 1865 and was ready to be sent to the states for approval
13th Amendment
14th Amendment
15th Amendment
16th Amendment
Chapter 9, Section 5
When was Lincoln assassinated?
April 9, 1865
April 12, 1865
April 14, 1865
April 21, 1865
Chapter 9, Section 5
Which one of the following men shot Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre?
John Wilkes Booth
Mark David Chapman
Lee Harvey Oswald
John Hinckley Junior
Chapter 9, Section 5
How was Ulysses S. Grant compassionate to Lee and the Confederates when they surrendered?
Grant let the Confederates keep their weapons.
Grant let the Confederates keep their flags.
Grant let the Confederates keep their horses.
Grant let the Confederates fire their cannons.
Identifying People
The man pictured here rose through the ranks of the Union Army to become the overall general-in-chief by the end of 1864. Even though he was criticized for his tough tactics and his willingness to sacrifice men in wearing down the Confederates, he eventually achieved the rank of Lieutenant General. Who was this man?
William Tecumseh Sherman
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
Benjamin Butler
Identifying People
This man was the 16th President of the United States and led our nation through the Civil War. He was assassinated in April 1865 and became a victim of the war as well. Who was this man?
Franklin Pierce
James Buchanan
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
Identifying People
The man pictured here was the Vice President of the Confederate States of America. He was a sickly man for most of his life, but after the war, he went on to become a U.S. Representative and the governor of Georgia. Who was this man?
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Jefferson Davis
JEB Stuart
James Longstreet
Identifying People
The man in this photo was Lincoln's Vice President in the 1864 presidential election. He was put on the Republican ticket because he was the only U.S. Senator from a Southern state that stayed loyal to the Union. Who was this man?
John C. Calhoun
George Pickett
Robert E. Lee
Andrew Johnson
Identifying People
The man in this photo was a Union Navy Admiral. He led the naval charge against the Confederates at New Orleans and helped the Union Navy seal off Mobile Bay in 1864. Who was this man?
Andrew H. Foote
James B. Eads
David G. Farragut
Matthew C. Perry
Identifying People
This leading black abolitionist was an advocate for letting African Americans serve in the Union army and navy. He had two sons who served and one of his sons was a member of the 54th All-Black Massachusetts Regiment. Who was he?
Frederick Douglass
William Llyod Garrison
Lewis Tappan
Elijah P. Lovejoy
Identifying People
The man in this photo was the Union commander at the Battle of Gettysburg. Although he did an outstanding job of holding on to the high ground outside of Gettysburg, he did not pursue Robert E. Lee when Lee decided to retreat. Who was this man?
Don Carlos Buell
William Rosecrans
George Meade
William Tecumseh Sherman
Identifying People
This man was the defacto leader of all Confederate forces and the leader of the Army of Northern Virginia. His presence seemed to intimidate many Union generals. Who was he?
Robert E. Lee
Jefferson Davis
George Pickett
James Longstreet
Identifying People
This Union general became best friends with Ulysses S. Grant. He led the "March to Atlanta" and the "March to the Sea" in 1864. He was known by his nicknames, "Uncle Billy" and "Cump" by those around him. Who was this man?
Ulysses S. Grant
George Meade
William Tecumseh Sherman
George McClellan
Identifying People
The man in this photo was Lincoln's Secretary of State and faithful adviser to the president. He was also targeted on the night of Lincoln's assassination and bared the scars on his face from the attempt on his life. Who was this man?
Edwin Stanton
William Seward
Salmon P. Chase
Gideon Welles
Identifying People
This man was the general-in-chief of the U.S. Army at the onset of the Civil War. He came up with the Anaconda Plan and soon retired to watch the war from the sidelines. Who was this man?
Joseph Hooker
George Meade
George B. McClellan
Winfield Scott
Identifying People
The man in this photo was the President of the Confederate States of America. He had trouble getting Southern states to cooperate and fled once the war was coming to an end. Who was this man?
Alexander Hamilton Stephens
Jefferson Davis
George E. Pickett
Robert E. Lee
Identifying People
The woman in this photo became a nurse during the Civil War and her experiences led her to found the American Red Cross after the war was over. Who was she?
Kate Cummings
Elizabeth Blacwell
Clara Barton
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Chapter 9, Section 5
What does a "war of attrition" refer to?
It refers to using the latest technological advances on the battlefield.
It refers to a wearing down of the enemy until the enemy gives up.
It refers to using surprise attacks and "hit and run" tactics.
It refers to the blockading of enemy ports.
Chapter 9, Section 5
After William Tecumseh Sherman reached Savannah, GA, or the sea, in December 1864, he marched his troops ________?
Back to Atlanta
South, into Florida
Back to Chattanooga
North, into South Carolina
Chapter 9, Section 5
What port did David Farragut block in August 1864 that gave the Union navy almost complete control of the Gulf of Mexico?
Savannah, GA
Tampa, FL
Mobile, AL
New Orleans, LA
Chapter 9, Section 5
In June of 1864 Grant put the city of Petersburg under siege. What does it mean to put a city under "siege"?
It means to search or raid a place for food and supplies.
It means to out-flank the enemy so they give up.
It means to abandon a place so the enemy can take over.
It means to block a city or surround it until the people and troops starve and give up.
Chapter 9, Section 5
Why did so many wounded soldiers die during the Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864?
The thick underbrush caught fire and burned many soldiers to death.
The creek by the forest flooded and wounded soldiers drowned.
Mines in the water near the battle site exploded and killed hundreds.
Many of the wounded died from dehydration.
Chapter 9, Section 5
Who were the four thugs that were convicted and hanged for conspiracy to murder the President of the United States in 1865?
Florence Bartow, John Surratt, Sameul Mudd, and Kate Cumming
Franz Sigel, Earl Van Dorn, Elizbeth Blackwell, and John B. Curtiss
Henry Wirz, PGT Beauregard, Lucy Stone, and Edward Baker
George Atzerodt, Lewis Powell, David Herold, and Mary Surratt
Chapter 9, Section 5
One big misconception about Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox is the fact that __________?
the war was not completely over because Joseph E. Johnston still had his Army of the Carolinas in the field
the war was over before April 9, 1865
the war did not end until Ulysses S. Grant died in 1885
the war did not end until Robert E. Lee died in 1870
Chapter 9, Section 5
When Lincoln was assassinated, ________ ascended to the presidency because he was Lincoln's vice president at the time.
Ulysses S. Grant
Rutherford B. Hayes
Andrew Johnson
James A. Garfield
The Gettysburg Address
What was the occasion for which Lincoln and Edward Everett spoke on November 19, 1863?
The new dome on the Capitol building was being dedicated on this day.
The new ambassador to Spain was from Pennsylvania and his swearing-in ceremony was taking place on this day.
The Battle of Gettysburg was being fought on this day and both Lincoln and Everett wanted to see the battle for themselves.
The people of Gettysburg were dedicating a military cemetery for the Union dead that died at the Battle of Gettysburg.
The Gettysburg Address
Lincoln did a lot of planning in writing the Address and carefully chose the words he wanted to say. How do we know this?
The speech had input from all of Lincoln's cabinet members.
The speech has been saved and enshrined in the National Archives behind bullet-proof glass since 1865.
The speech has numerous literary devices and metaphors in it.
The speech was popular immediately after Lincoln delivered it.
The Gettysburg Address
Lincoln made reference to two other historical documents in the Gettysburg Address. What two documents were they?
The Bill of Rights and the charter to the United Nations.
The Monroe Doctrine and Washington's Farewell Address
The Supreme Court case of Marbury vs. Madison and the Dred Scott case.
The Preamble to the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence.
The Gettysburg Address
"Four score and seven years ago" refers to how many years?
93
87
65
75
The Gettysburg Address
What is ironic about Lincoln saying, "the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here"?
The world did note what Lincoln said there. His speech is the most widely quoted speech in the world.
Lincoln had the speech memorized from its inception in May 1863.
People have forgotten about the Battle of Gettysburg.
Lincoln spoke for over two hours and then answered questions over them.
The Gettysburg Address
The Gettysburg Address is a short speech because it only has about ________ words in it.
150
184
233
270
The Gettysburg Address
Where did Lincoln write most of the Gettysburg Address?
On the train to Gettysburg
In Washington before the actual dedication
During the Battle of Gettysburg as he watched it unfold
The night before the ceremony
