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Unit 2A Review

Total questions: 50

Worksheet time: 29mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage 
a)
confirmation bias.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
belief perseverance.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
2.
Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is known as: 
a)
the representativeness heuristic.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
confirmation bias.
d)
functional fixedness.
3.
Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"? 
a)
B. F. Skinner
b)
Benjamin Lee Whorf
c)
Noam Chomsky
d)
Hermann Ebbinghaus
4.
To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of: 
a)
the availability heuristic.
b)
functional fixedness.
c)
an algorithm.
d)
the representativeness heuristic.
5.
With regards to ground beef, consumers respond more positively to an ad describing it as “75 percent lean” than to one referring to its “25 percent fat” content. This is an example of:
a)
The framing effect
b)
Confirmation bias
c)
Mental set
d)
Overconfidence
6.
Airline reservations typically decline after a highly publicized airplane crash because people overestimate the incidence of such disasters. In such instances, people’s decisions are being influenced by:
a)
Belief bias
b)
The availability heuristic
c)
The representativeness heuristic
d)
Functional fixedness
7.
The term used to describe the mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge is:
a)
Cognition
b)
Learning
c)
Perception
d)
Sensation
8.
The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called
a)
functional fixedness.
b)
belief perseverance.
c)
the representativeness heuristic.
d)
confirmation bias.
9.
When someone mentions Ivy League colleges, Trisha immediately thinks of Harvard University. In this instance, Harvard University is a
a)
prototype.
b)
mental set.
c)
algorithm.
d)
fixation.
10.

What does the distribution of IQ scores on a graph look like?

a)

a downward slope

b)

a bell curve

c)

an S-curve

d)

an upward slope

11.

Kinship studies have shown which of the following groups to have the most similar IQ scores?

a)

parents and children

b)

brothers and sisters

c)

identical twins

d)

fraternal twins

12.

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

a)

Aptitude Test

b)

Achievement Test

c)

Intelligence Test

13.

The extent to which a test yields consistent results

a)

standardization

b)

predictive validity

c)

validity

d)

reliability

14.

the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to

a)

validity

b)

reliability

c)

standardization

d)

criterion

15.
Paul takes a test in the army to see if he would make a good pilot. Such a test is
a)
a standardized test.
b)
an aptitude test.
c)
an intelligence test.
d)
an achievement test.
16.
Although her score on the personality test indicated that Mary was devoid of social grace, painfully shy, and frightened of other people, she is extremely popular and outgoing. This personality test lacks
a)
reliability.
b)
standardization.
c)
consistency.
d)
validity.
17.
Santos is 8 years old and, according to the Stanford-Binet, he has a mental age of 10. What is his IQ?
a)
80
b)
100
c)
125
d)
150
18.
The Flynn effect is the finding that
a)
intelligence seems to increase with every generation.
b)
television has decreased intellectual performance.
c)
linguistic skills decline with age.
d)
the more times people take a test, the better they tend to score.
19.
A person with lower than average intelligence who has an amazing, unusual mental skill is known as a
a)
genius
b)
savant
c)
prodigy
d)
freak
20.
When intelligence scores are graphed, they should create
a)
an increasing slope
b)
a normal bell curve
c)
an equilateral figure
d)
a negative correlation 
21.
Those who score above average on tests of mathematical aptitude are also likely to score above average on tests of verbal aptitude. According to Spearman, this best illustrates the importance of: 
a)
predictive validity
b)
factor analysis
c)
the g factor
d)
reliability
22.
Although Nicole scored well above average on the SAT, she frequently loses her temper and needlessly antagonizes even her best friends. Her behavior best illustrates a low level of:
a)
convergent thinking
b)
validity
c)
mental age
d)
emotional intelligence
23.
Figures tend to be perceived as whole, complete objects, even if spaces or gaps exist in the representation, thus demonstrating the principle of:
a)
Closure
b)
Proximity
c)
Continuity
d)
Similarity
24.

Which Gestalt Principle does this image BEST illustrate?

a)

Figure Ground Perception

b)

Closure

c)

Similarity

d)

Proximity

25.

What is the Principle of Closure?

a)

Completing gaps within a figure in order to view the stimulus as a whole

b)

Simplifying a scene into figures and backgrounds

c)

The perception of objects based on similar features

d)

The perception of objects that are physically close together as belonging in a group

26.

Why is it that we can see the panda in the logo and not a bunch of black shapes?

a)

We perceive the proximity of the shapes as a group.

b)

We use the principle of closure fill the gaps between the black shapes to create a panda.

c)

We simplify the scene into figures and background.

d)

We see it because of the Figure/Ground principle.

27.
Depth cues that only require one require one eye are
a)
Binocular Cue
b)
Trichronocular Cue
c)
Monocular Cue
d)
Single Vision Transparency
28.

Because of size constancy,

a)

objects appear smaller as they move further away; in reality, they stay the same size.

b)

solid objects cover up those that they are in front of, obscuring our vision

c)

items closer to the viewer’s eye appear to have more detail, as things move further away, the details become blurred.

d)

the use of set vanishing point(s) set against a horizon line to depict linear aspects of depth with parallel and perpendicular forms.

29.
Parallel lines seem to converge with distance
a)
linear perspective
b)
texture gradient 
c)
relative height
d)
phi phenomenon 
30.

Mental frameworks that help us organize are also called

a)

texture gradient

b)

sensation

c)

schema

d)

none of these answers

31.
the apparent movement of stationary objects relative to one another that occurs when the observer changes position
a)
motion parallax
b)
constancy
c)
Illusions
d)
extrasensory perception (ESP)
32.

Imagine you're learning a new programming language. Which of the following best reflects fluid intelligence?

a)

Capacity for abstract Reasoning

b)

Accumulated knowledge and skills

c)

Ability to adapt to new situations

d)

None of the above

33.

John, a seasoned chess player, often recalls numerous game strategies and openings he has learned over the years. Which of the following is an example of crystallized intelligence?

a)

Ability to adapt to new Situations

b)

Accumulated knowledge and skills

c)

Capacity for abstract reasoning

d)

None of the above

34.

What does interpersonal intelligence primarily focus on?

a)

Logical reasoning and problem-solving skills

b)

Understanding and interacting effectively with others

c)

Musical abilities and appreciation

d)

Physical coordination and movement

35.

How might Stereotype Threat manifest in a classroom setting?

a)

Students fearing they will be stereotyped by their peers

b)

Students feeling pressured to conform to stereotypes about their group

c)

Students' performance being negatively impacted by awareness of stereotypes

d)

None of the above

36.

During a university's admissions process, what does Predictive Validity refer to?

a)

Consistency of SAT scores over time

b)

Accuracy of SAT scores in predicting college success

c)

Ability of SAT to measure different aspects of intelligence

d)

None of the above

37.

In the context of a driving test designed to evaluate a person's knowledge and skills in driving, what does Content Validity refer to?

a)

Degree to which test measures what It claims to measure

b)

Ability of test to measure specific aspects of intelligence

c)

Representation of the full range of abilities

d)

None of the above

38.

What does Split-Half Reliability refer to?

a)

Consistency of test results across different administrations

b)

Accuracy of test results in predicting future performance

c)

Dividing the test into two equal parts and comparing scores

d)

Stability of test scores over time

39.

Which of the following scenarios is an example of Test-Retest Reliability?

a)

A researcher administers a survey to a group of participants and compares their responses to those of another group

b)

A teacher gives a different version of a test to students and compares their scores to those of another class

c)

A psychologist measures the heart rate of patients before and after a stress-inducing task

d)

A teacher gives a mathematics test to students, waits two weeks, and then administers the same test again

40.

This research method is a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

a)

Case Study

b)

Survey

c)

Observational

d)

Experiments

41.

Which kind of study can establish a cause-effect relationship between variables, assuming that the research is appropriate and well conceived?

a)

survey

b)

case study

c)

correlational study

d)

experiment

42.

People can develop a(n) __________________, which is using the same strategy or pattern to solve similar problems. 

a)

functional fixedness

b)

mental set

c)

stuck thinking

d)

confirmation bias

43.
A prototype is best defined as
a)
An example of habituation
b)
An example of bottom-up processing
c)
The hypothetical “most typical” instance of a category
d)
An essential element of category membership
44.

Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using their big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and so were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates ___________.

a)

The Availability Heuristic

b)

Confirmation Bias

c)

Belief Perseverance

d)

Fixation

45.

The use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.

a)

top-down processing

b)

bottom-up processing

c)

Muller-Lyer illusion

d)

perception

46.

The analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception.

a)

bottom-up processing

b)

top-down processing

c)

constancy

d)

Muller-Lyer illusion

47.

Which cognitive bias involves focusing on information that supports your existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence?

a)

Confirmation Bias

b)

Availability Heuristic

c)

Fixation

d)

Framing Effect

48.

What is the tendency to approach problems using a strategy that has worked in the past, even if it is not optimal for the current situation?

a)

Mental set

b)

Functional fixedness

c)

Prototype theory

d)

Belief perseverance

49.

Which of the following best describes the representativeness heuristic?

a)

Ignoring statistical information in favor of personal experience

b)

Relying on immediate examples that come to mind

c)

Judging the likelihood of things based on how well they match particular prototypes

d)

Overestimating the accuracy of one's beliefs

50.

Which of the following best describes functional fixedness?

a)

The tendency to use objects only in their usual way

b)

The tendency to rely on past experiences

c)

The process of forming new categories

d)

The ability to solve problems creatively

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