1932 – 1939 – devastating economic downturn that saw stock prices fall, businesses fail and large-scale unemployment in Europe and U. S.

F.D.R. implemented a “New Deal” plan to put the nation back to work

Followers of a social, economic and political ideology; no social classes would exist.

Historically, many Americans feared communism.

WWI – Espionage Act and Sedition Act to prosecute suspected Communist.

Fear fueled the Red Scare

1924 – U.S plan to resolve the crippling WWI reparations that Germany was required to pay (was straining diplomacy)

Provided an end to Allied occupation of Germany and a staggered payment plan for Germany to pay reparations

1922 – raised tariffs on imported goods to protect American factories and farms (policy of protectionism)

Made made it difficult for European nations to trade, impacted their ability to pay their war debts

Allowed for growth of monopolies in the U.S. Industry

Cultural period during the 1920s which brought new styles of dance and music

Credited to African-American’s new musical techniques blended with African traditions

Spread by rise of radio broadcast to white middle class

Eighteenth Amendment - banned the sale and import of alcoholic beverages; passed in 1920

Protestants, Progressives and women led the movement

Led directly to the rise of organized crime

Twenty-first Amendment repealed this ban (1933)

Fear of communism spread after Russia overthrew their Czar.

Strikes in U.S. caused fear that this was the start of a communist revolution.

Led to exaggerated charges, illegal search and seizures, unwarranted arrests and anti-immigration nativism.

Italian immigrants arrested, tried and executed for murdering a guard & robbing a shoe factory.

Convicted on circumstantial evidence; conviction was more about their radical anarchists and pro-union beliefs.

Even though someone else confessed to the crime, their case was not retried or overturned

Shocked U.S. citizens by revealing corruption and greed within the federal government

Bribery scandal involved leased petroleum reserves to private oil companies without competitive bidding

Damaged the reputation of the Harding Administration

Treaty signed by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Japan in 1921.

All agreed to maintain the Pacific territories of the other countries and to not seek further territorial expansion

Agreed to go in conference to deal with disagreements

1928 – international agreement between 62 countries to outlaw war; a “faith” pact

Included Germany as an equal partner; unlike the Versailles

Treaty

Indicated that Germany was seen as a serious power that could be trusted

Based on belief that the U. S. should stay out of European conflicts; isolationist response

Imposed a ban on shipments of war materials.

Limited U. S. ability to aid Britain and France against Nazi Germany; seen by many as a negative result

1921-1922, world’s largest naval powers gathered to discuss naval disarmament & ways to relieve tensions in East Asia

Leaders sought to prevent another war

Resulted in the Five-Power, Four-Power and Nine-Power Treaty; served to uphold the status quo in the Pacific

Founded in 1915 during WWI; Jane Addams was its 1st president

Brought diverse women together to work toward world peace; disarmament and abolition of violence

Lobbied governments on international, national & local levels

1919 – banned the manufacturing, sale or transporting of alcohol

Supported by Progressives

Later repealed

Emerged following WWI; reaction to modernism

Rejected the “Roaring Twenties” and all they represented

Attempted to restore old morals and Protestant religious values

Believed the Bible was literal; rejected evolution theory; led to John Scopes’ “Monkey Trial”

Period of growth and celebration of African-American culture; artistic creativity in art, music and literature

Originated in Harlem, New York; spread across the country

Began to promote ideas and beliefs later seen in the Civil Rights movement

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Sought full social and economic equality for African Americans

Concentrated on litigation to overturn disenfranchisement of blacks established by Jim Crow statutes

Suffrage for women

Established that no state could deny a citizen the right to vote based on gender

Which Amendment?

1923 – attack on an African-American town; massacring and driving residents out permanently

Incited by rumors of a white women attacked by a black man

No one was charged in the incident; nine survivors were compensated by the Florida legislature in 1944

Civilized Indian tribes from Georgia and Florida that joined together for protection

Lived in Northern Florida, when Americans attacked, they retreated into the Everglades

Many were forced to move to Oklahoma reservations on the disgraceful Trail of Tears when U.S. wanted their homelands

A nationalist organization founded in 1914 by Marcus Garvey

Worked for the advancement of people of African descent around the world

“One God! One Aim! One Destiny!; worked to help relocate some African-American to African settlements

Formally the National Prohibition Act; enacted in 1919

Provided support to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment; prohibiting the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages

Established parity; the policy of Congress to balance supply and demand for farm commodities giving farmers purchasing power

Controlled the supply of seven “basic crops” – corn, wheat, cotton, rice, peanuts, tobacco and milk

The fourth and last day of the Stock Market Crash of 1929

The New York Stock Exchange collapsed completely

Many lost everything; contributed to the Great Depression

1932 - Facing the financial crisis caused by the Great Depression, WWI veterans ask Congress to pay their retirement bonuses early

Congress did not approve; angry veterans marched on Washington D.C. in protest; Hoover called the army

Employed young men to preserve natural resources and areas with goal of conservation for future generations

One of FDR’s New Deal programs designed to put the country back to work

Caused by drought,overproduction and mismanagement of farmlands

Contributing factor to the economic decline of the 1930s

After losing everything, many migrated to California seeking a new life

New Deal program created in 1933 to maintain public confidence and create stability in the financial system

Insures deposits in U.S. banks in the event of bank failures

Promotes and holds financial institutions responsible for sound banking practices

Estimate of total value of all the final products and services produced in a given time period in a country

1935 – foundational statute of the U.S. labor law

Guarantees basic rights for employees to organize into trade unions, bargain collectively for better terms and working conditions and strike if necessary

New Deal Law designed to promote recovery and reform in industry

Encouraged collective bargaining for unions

Set up maximum work hours and minimum wages Outlawed child labor

FDR’s programs for national recovery from the Great Depression

Reforms – remedies to problems: FDIC, SEC, Social Security Act

Relief – short-terms actions to assist people: CCC, WPA, PWA

Recovery – restore incentives to

Form of civil-disobedience; used by unions to occupy companies they were on strike against

Strategy used in 1936-37 against General Motors to drawn attention to their demands; GM was forced to negotiate

Act regulating trade with foreign countries to encourage U.S. industries during the Depression

Implemented protectionist trade policies; Raised tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods

New Deal program that provided retirement benefits

and unemployment insurance for American taxpayers

One of the longest running programs of the New Deal

New Deal Agency that investigated modern farming practices

Created a network of dams and power plants to supply electricity

New Deal Agency that provided jobs for the development of the American infrastructure

Largest New Deal program; employed millions