The relatively thin layer of gases that form Earth’s outermost layer

Water in the form of a gas.

The measurement of how much mass of a substance is contained in a given volume

The pressure caused by the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area.

An instrument used to measure changes in air pressure.

An instrument that measures changes in air pressure, consisting of a glass tube partially filled with mercury, with its open end resting in a dish of mercury.

An instrument that measures changes in air pressure without using a liquid.

Elevation above sea level.

The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

The second lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

The layer of Earth’s atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere.

The outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere.

The lower part of the thermosphere.

The outer layer of the thermosphere.

A wave made up of a combination of a changing electric field and a changing magnetic field.

The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are longer than visible light but shorter that microwaves.

Electromagnetic waves with wavelengths that are shorter than visible light but longer than x-rays.

Reflection of light in all directions.

The trapping of heat near a planet’s surface by certain gases in the planet’s atmosphere.

How hot and cold something is; a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance; the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.

How hot and cold something is; a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance; the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.

The total kinetic and potential energy of all the particles of an object.

An instrument used to measure temperature.

The transfer of thermal energy from a warmer object to a cooler object.

The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid.

The movement of a fluid, caused by differences in temperature, that transfers heat from one part of a fluid to another.

The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure.

An instrument used to measure wind speed.

A measure of cooling combining temperature and wind speed.

Winds that blow over short distances.

The flow of cooler air from over an ocean or lake toward land.

The flow of air from land to water.

Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances.

The distance in degrees north or south of the equator.