by insect

by wind

to attach to the bodies of animals without falling off

to be dispersed less easily to avoid wastage

to prevent animals from ingesting them

to stick on the stigma

all the beneficial characteristics of the parents are passed on to the offspring

less offspring are produced

more offspring are produced

there is more genetic variation in the offspring

the fusion of a male gamete with a female gamete in the ovary.

the fusion of pollen grains with the female gamete in the ovary.

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower of a different species.

the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of a flower of the same species.

Plumule

Radicle

Cotyledon

Testa

Prevent overcrowding and competition of resources

Colonise new areas

Become close with the parent plants

Provide food for animals to survive

Growth of plant from seed into young plant.

Transfer of pollen grain from anther to stigma.

Transportation of seeds and fruits away from parent plant.

Process involving fusion of nuclei to form a zygote and production of genetically dissimilar offspring.

Water and oxygen only

Water, oxygen and suitable temperature only

Water, carbon dioxide and suitable temperature only

Carbon dioxide and suitable temperature only

3 - 1 - 2

1 - 2 - 3

3 - 2 - 1

1 - 3 - 2