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Psychology Case Studies

Total questions: 150

Worksheet time: 1hrs 15mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What was Karl von Frisch initially studying about bees?

a)

How they communicate

b)

How far they travel for food

c)

If they are colour blind

d)

If they have a heightened sense of smell

2.

Which of these is NOT a result from Barlett's War of the Ghosts study?

a)

Unusual stories are easier to remember because you are thinking about new words and putting them in to your long term memory

b)

The story was shortened, mainly by omissions

c)

The phrases used were changed to language and concepts from the participants own culture

d)

The recalled version soon became very fixed, though each time it was recalled there were slight variations

3.

Who researched in to perceptual set and motivation?

a)

McGinnies

b)

Bruner and Minturn

c)

Gregory

d)

Gilchrist and Nesberg

4.

How many participants did Tulving have in his Gold Memory study?

a)

6

b)

66

c)

106

d)

226

5.

What was Mr Piliavin's first name?

a)

Ian

b)

Issac

c)

Irving

d)

Ibrahim

6.

Which of these emoticons would Japanese people think of as happy?

a)
b)
c)
d)
7.

What was the aim of Murdock's study?

a)

To see if the position of words in a list affected how well you remember them

b)

To see if people remember more words from the start of a list than at the end

c)

To see if the amount of words a person was asked to memorised affected their accuracy

d)

To dee if familiar words were remembered more

8.

In what year did Murdock conduct his serial position curve study?

a)

1960

b)

1961

c)

1962

d)

1963

9.

Murdock randomly selected his words from a list of how many of the most common words in English?

a)

4,000

b)

5,000

c)

2,000

d)

3,000

10.

How many participants took part in Murdock's Serial Position Curve study?

a)

215

b)

103

c)

147

d)

232

11.

How many word lists did participants in Murdock's Serial Position Curve study listen to?

a)

10

b)

20

c)

30

d)

40

12.

Which study does this graph represent?

a)

Von Frisch's Bee Study

b)

Penfield's study of the interpretive cortex

c)

Murdock's Serial Position Curve

d)

Bartlett's War of the Ghosts

13.

Which other study does Murdock's Serial Position Curve study support?

a)

Bartlett's War of the Ghosts

b)

Baddeley's study of encoding

c)

The multi-store model

d)

The Naughty Teddy study

14.

Can we trust the results of Murdock's Serial position Curve study?

a)

Yes, he is a well respected psychologist

b)

No, he did not account for people's ability to remember words accurately

c)

Yes, he controlled the variables in a laboratory experiment

d)

No, he did not prove his aim so was mislead by the data

15.

What is the biggest negative about Murdock's Serial position Curve study?

a)

It is an artificial task and not true to life

b)

Extraneous variables were not controlled

c)

People's memory could be stronger than others

d)

No other research supports his study

16.

Research into which group of people supports Murdock's Serial Position Curve study?

a)

Savants

b)

Amnesiacs

c)

Alzheimer patients

d)

Psychopaths

17.

In Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study where do the 2 young men come from?

a)

Ebetsu

b)

Ecatepec

c)

Eldoret

d)

Egulac

18.

Bartlett was trying to prove that memories are formed by what in his War of the Ghosts study?

a)

Reconstitution

b)

Reconstruction

c)

Recallibration

d)

Recollection

19.

In the War of the Ghosts Study what was Bartlett's aim?

a)

To see how cultural expectations affect memory

b)

To see how social norms affect memory

c)

To see how ethical values affect memory

d)

To see how comprehension affects memory

20.

What is the technique Bartlett used in his War of the Ghosts study?

a)

Cereal reproduction

b)

Sequential reproduction

c)

Seasonal reproduction

d)

Serial reproduction

21.

Bartlett kept a record of successive recall. What is this called?

a)

A treaty

b)

A protocol

c)

a concord

d)

A pact

22.

In Bartlett's conclusion he said we remember what from a story?

a)

Figments

b)

Snatches

c)

Fragments

d)

Snippets

23.

Barlett has been accused of being casual in his conducting of the War of the Ghosts study. Who conducted a more rigorous similar study?

a)

Segall et al

b)

Gauld and Stephenson

c)

Helen Borke

d)

Carlesimo at al

24.

Can we fully trust the results of Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study?

a)

Yes, he is a respected psychologist

b)

No, he was biased in his interpretation of the results

c)

Yes, he used repeated measures to ensure validity

d)

No, he should have used a more familiar story

25.

Bartlett's War of the Ghosts study has been criticised for not being similar to everyday memory use. Which of these is not a reason to support this?

a)

It uses an unfamiliar story

b)

It relies on cultural expectation

c)

People did not see it as important so did not make the effort to remember it

d)

People do remember many things accurately

26.

Which motivation is tested in Gilchrist and Nesberg's study?

a)

Hunger

b)

Fear

c)

Expectation

d)

Anger

27.

How many participants were there in Gilchrist and Nesberg's study?

a)

15

b)

26

c)

52

d)

78

28.

For how long were participants deprived of food in the Gilchrist and Nesberg study?

a)

10

b)

12

c)

20

d)

24

29.

How many slides of food were the participants shown in the Gilchrist and Nesberg study?

a)

10

b)

8

c)

6

d)

4

30.

What conclusion did Gilchrist and Nesberg not draw from food deprived participants making the food pictures brighter?

a)

Food deprived participants had a greater sensitivity to food-related pictures

b)

Food deprived participants wanted to see the pictures of the food more clearly

c)

The brighter the light the more appealing the food became

d)

Motivation can affect perceptual set

31.

Which of these is not an evaluation of Gilchrist and Nesberg's study?

a)

Objective measurements were used

b)

It is unethical to deprive people of food and water

c)

It is not like everyday life

d)

Similar studies have found similar results

32.

What are Bruner and Minturn's first names?

a)

Jeremy and Lee

b)

Justin and Lenny

c)

Jerome and Leigh

d)

Joshua and Laurence

33.

Which type of figure did Bruner and Minturn use?

a)

Significant

b)

Geometric

c)

Round

d)

Ambiguous

34.

Which experiment design was used by Bruner and Minturn?

a)

Repeated Measures

b)

Independent Groups

c)

Laboratory Experiment

d)

Matched Pairs

35.

Participants in the Bruner and Minturn study were either shown numbers or letters. What was this creating?

a)

A bias or slant

b)

A setting or context

c)

Familiarity

d)

Motivation

36.

What did Bruner and Minturn conclude affects perception?

a)

Emotion

b)

Motivation

c)

Expectation

d)

Culture

37.

Which of these is not an evaluation of Bruner and Minturn's study?

a)

It has a real world application

b)

It has support from similar studies

c)

It was an artificial task

d)

Independent group design did not take in to account individual participants' differences

38.

Whose theory were McGarrigle and Donaldson challenging with their Naughty Teddy study?

a)

Dweck

b)

Willingham

c)

Piaget

d)

Gibson

39.

What are McGarrigle and Donaldson's first names?

a)

James and Margaret

b)

James and Marion

c)

Joshua and Margaret

d)

Joshua and Marion

40.

What was the aim of McGarrigle and Donaldson's Naughty Teddy study?

a)

To see if children's reaction changed if the change was deliberate

b)

To see if children's reaction changed if the change was accidental

c)

To see if the children's reaction changed if the change was co-incidental

d)

To see if the children's reaction changed if the change was sudden

41.

How many children were involved in the Naughty Teddy study?

a)

60

b)

70

c)

80

d)

90

42.

Where were the children in the Naughty Teddy study from?

a)

Glasgow in Scotland

b)

Edinburgh in Scotland

c)

Aberdeen in Scotland

d)

Kilmarnoch in Scotland

43.

How many rows of counters were there in the Naughty Teddy study?

a)

2

b)

3

c)

4

d)

5

44.

When the rows were changed accidentally in the Naughty Teddy study how many children gave the right answer?

a)

66%

b)

67%

c)

68%

d)

69%

45.

Which children gave the most correct answers in the Naughty Teddy study?

a)

Nursery children

b)

Primary children

c)

Secondary children

d)

No difference

46.

What conclusion did McGarrigle and Donaldson come to in their study?

a)

Piaget overestimated children's ability to conserve

b)

Piaget underestimated children's ability to assimilate

c)

Piaget overestimated children's ability to assimilate

d)

Piaget underestimated children's ability to conserve

47.

Which of these is not an evaluation of McGarrigle and Donaldson's Naughty Teddy study?

a)

The children did not notice the change if it was accidental

b)

It challenges some of Piaget's assumptions

c)

The children did not notice change when it was deliberate

d)

The primary age students all came from one school

48.

Hughes' Policeman Doll Study was aiming to show that students would have less difficulty completing a task if it made what type of sense to them?

a)

Common

b)

Political

c)

Social

d)

Cultural

49.

Hughes' Policeman Doll Study is challenging which of Piaget's theories?

a)

Egocentrism

b)

Conservation

c)

Schemas

d)

Accommodation

50.

How many children did Hughes test in the Policeman Doll Study?

a)

100

b)

70

c)

50

d)

30

51.

What age were the children in the Policeman Doll Study?

a)

2.5 to 4 years

b)

3.5 to 5 years

c)

4.5 to 6 years

d)

5.5 to 7 years

52.

what percentage of children were able to place the boy doll out of sight of the policemen in Hughes' study?

a)

40%

b)

75%

c)

90%

d)

100%

53.

Hughes concluded that Piaget underestimated younger children's abilites but what was he right about?

a)

Children's thinking is different to adult thinking

b)

Children's thinking changes with age

c)

Children's thinking is linked to the stage of their life

d)

Children's thinking is the same as adult thinking

54.

What is a weakness of Hughes' Policeman Doll Study?

a)

The researcher gave subtle cues as to where to hide the boy doll

b)

The researcher corrected the children's mistakes so they were scared of getting it wrong

c)

The children did not understand why you would hide from a policeman

d)

The children thought it was a game of hide and seek

55.

What was Asch's concern about communication technology?

a)

That people would stop talking to each other directly

b)

That people would be confused by knowing too much

c)

That people would be swayed by other people's opinions

d)

That people would not recognise bias

56.

In which year did Asch do his study?

a)

1955

b)

1965

c)

1975

d)

1985

57.

What was Asch testing in his study?

a)

Conservation

b)

Conformity

c)

Consequentialism

d)

Consent

58.

How many students did Asch test in his study?

a)

123

b)

124

c)

125

d)

126

59.

What is the word used for the students in Asch's study?

a)

Innocent

b)

Unaware

c)

Misinformed

d)

Naive

60.

What do we call a participant in a study who is working with the experimenter?

a)

Confidante

b)

Conman

c)

Confederate

d)

Conformist

61.

In Asch's Study where did the naive particpant sit in the semi circle

a)

At the beginning

b)

At the end

c)

In the middle

d)

Near the end

62.

What percentage of participants conformed at least once in Asch's study?

a)

55%

b)

65%

c)

75%

d)

85%

63.

What was the conclusion of Asch's study?

a)

People conform due to peer pressure even when they know they are wrong

b)

People resist peer pressure and retain their individuality

c)

People conform to peer pressure but some independence is still presnt

d)

People reist peer pressure but feel awkward

64.

What was the political system in America in the 1950's that forced people to conform?

a)

McCarthyism

b)

Communism

c)

McDonaldism

d)

Conservatism

65.

Who found only one group conformed when they conducted Asch's study in 1980?

a)

Loftus and Hall

b)

Perrin and Spencer

c)

Bond and Smith

d)

Burger and Cooper

66.

Asch's study was criticised because the task was seen as artificial because it was what?

a)

Trite

b)

Unimportant

c)

Trivial

d)

Unambiguous

67.

What is the opposite of an individualist society?

a)

Communist

b)

Oligarchy

c)

Monarchy

d)

Collectivist

68.

Where was Solomon Asch born?

a)

Poland

b)

USA

c)

Israel

d)

UK

69.

Who was one of Solomon Asch's students?

a)

Carol Dweck

b)

Irving Piliavin

c)

Theodor Adorno

d)

Stanley Milgram

70.

What type of behaviour were the Piliavin's looking at in their Subway study?

a)

Anti social

b)

Helping

c)

Friendly

d)

Avoidance

71.

Piliavin's Subway study used a natural setting and was looking at 2 other areas. what were they?

a)

Bystander behaviour and victim characteristics

b)

Bystander behaviour and helper characteristics

c)

Prosocial behaviour and victim characteristics

d)

Prosocial behaviour and helper characteristics

72.

How many student researchers went on a subway together in Piliavin's study?

a)

3

b)

4

c)

5

d)

6

73.

How many trials were carried out in Piliavin's Subway study?

a)

100

b)

101

c)

102

d)

103

74.

Which subway system was used for Piliavin's study?

a)

London

b)

Paris

c)

New York

d)

Tokyo

75.

How long did the researcher student wait to collapse in the Subway study?

a)

60 seconds

b)

70 seconds

c)

80 seconds

d)

90 seconds

76.

In Piliavin's Subway study how many trials used the drunk condition?

a)

28

b)

38

c)

48

d)

58

77.

In piliavin's Subway study how many trials used the disabled condition?

a)

45

b)

55

c)

65

d)

75

78.

How many students were researchers in each trial in the Piliavin's Subway study?

a)

1

b)

2

c)

3

d)

4

79.

What was the role of the 4th researcher in the Piliavin's Subway study?

a)

Helper

b)

Manipulater

c)

Confederate

d)

Model

80.

What percentage of 'drunk' victims were helped in the first 70 seconds?

a)

15%

b)

16%

c)

17%

d)

18%

81.

Which of these answers is not a conclusion from Piliavin's Subway study?

a)

In a natural setting, the number of people who see an emergency does not affect their likelihood to help

b)

The more deserving the victim, the more likely they are to receive help

c)

In a natural setting, the number of people who see an emergency does affect their likelihood to help

d)

Other factors may affect reasons for people helping

82.

Which of these is not an evaluation of Piliavin's Subway study?

a)

It had high realism due to the natural setting

b)

The results were reliable

c)

The sample was urban based so only reflects one area of society

d)

Qualitative data was collected which helped to explain the quantative data

83.

According to Von Frisch's study, how do bees communicate?

a)

Buzzing

b)

Rubbing their legs together

c)

Dancing

d)

High pitched sounds

84.

What is an ethologist?

a)

Someone who studies an animal in a laboratory

b)

Someone who studies an animal in its natural environment

c)

Someone who studies animals in groups

d)

Someone who studies animals after they have died

85.

Von Frisch changed the bees' environment by putting food in different places. What is this called?

a)

A natural observation

b)

A controlled observation

c)

An overt observation

d)

A participant observation

86.

How many observations of honey bees did Von Frisch make over a 20 year period?

a)

More than 6000

b)

More than 8000

c)

More than 10000

d)

More than 12000

87.

According to Von Frisch, which dance shows that pollen is less than 100 metres away?

a)

Waggle dance

b)

Square dance

c)

Round dance

d)

Wiggle dance

88.

Which 2 pieces of information does the waggle dance give the worker bees?

a)

Location and amount of food

b)

Distance and amount of food

c)

Location and type of food

d)

Location and distance of food

89.

What percentage of bees went to the source of food after watching a honey bee dance?

a)

50

b)

60

c)

70

d)

80

90.

What evolutionary value does bee communication help?

a)

Survival

b)

Reproduction

c)

Territory

d)

Food

91.

What is the strength of Von Frisch's study?

a)

Important contribution to communication

b)

Important contribution to technology

c)

Important contribution to science

d)

Important contribution to history

92.

Which of the following are weaknesses of Von Frisch's study?

a)

Sound was ignored and bees do not have a sense of direction

b)

Water changes bees senses and not all bees respond to the waggle dance

c)

Sound was ignored and not all bees respond to the waggle dance.

d)

Water changes bees senses and the round dance is not accurate

93.

Which animal did Yuki's friends say he looked like when he smiles?

a)

A toad

b)

A frog

c)

A snake

d)

A crocodile

94.

Yuki's study of emoticons is what type of study?

a)

Particpant observation

b)

Cross-cultural

c)

Overt observation

d)

Multicultural

95.

How many Japanese students took part in Yuki's emoticon study?

a)

90

b)

95

c)

100

d)

105

96.

How many American students took part in Yuki's emoticon study?

a)

115

b)

116

c)

117

d)

118

97.

The rating scale for Yuki's emoticon study was from 1 to which number?

a)

7

b)

8

c)

9

d)

10

98.

According to Yuki Japanese people are more likely to focus on what to tell emotion?

a)

Body language

b)

Mouth

c)

Eyes

d)

Hand gestures

99.

What did Yuki conclude was the reason for the difference in interpretation of facial features?

a)

Societal conditioning

b)

Cultural norms and expectations

c)

Emotional expression

d)

Individualist and collectivist culture

100.

Which of these is not an evaluation of Yuki's emoticon study?

a)

It lacks validity

b)

The material is artificial

c)

Rating scales do not reflect the complexity of emotions

d)

Only one emotion was tested

101.

What was Penfield's first name?

a)

William

b)

Wilfred

c)

Wilder

d)

Winston

102.

Wilder was a famous neurosurgeon whose studies helped people understand what about brain function?

a)

Localisation

b)

Specialisation

c)

Plasticity

d)

Transmission

103.

Which condition did The Montreal Procedure help?

a)

Hallucinations

b)

Schizophrenia

c)

Aneurysm

d)

Epilepsy

104.

In which year did Penfield conduct his study of the interpretive cortex?

a)

1956

b)

1959

c)

1962

d)

1966

105.

Penfield's study aimed to find the psychological responses of patients when parts of their brain were what?

a)

Removed

b)

Massaged

c)

Stimulated

d)

Rearranged

106.

What type of anesthetic was used in Penfield's study?

a)

General

b)

Local

c)

Epidural

d)

Pethidine

107.

Penfield studied brain stimulation for over 30 years. How many cases did he study?

a)

More than 500

b)

More than 750

c)

More than 1000

d)

More than 1250

108.

In Penfield's study which area was stimulated when patients reported seeing colours, shadows and crude outlines of objects?

a)

Motor

b)

Visual

c)

Somatosensory

d)

Auditory

109.

In Penfield's study which area was stimulated when patients reported tingling sensation or a false sense of movement?

a)

Motor

b)

Visual

c)

Somatosensory

d)

Auditory

110.

In Penfield's study which lobe was stimulated for people to recall experiences or emotions at an event?

a)

Temporal

b)

Parietal

c)

Occipital

d)

Frontal

111.

What did Penfield conclude in his study?

a)

Memories are stored as events and procedures

b)

Memories are stored as experiences and meanings

c)

Memories are stored as experiences and procedures

d)

Memories are stored as events and meanings

112.

Penfield's study may lack validity. How many of his later 520 patients reported recall of past events?

a)

40

b)

50

c)

60

d)

70

113.

Penfield used a very precise method in his study. What did this help neuroscience do?

a)

Understand emotions

b)

Explain localisation

c)

Characterise deja vu

d)

Map the brain

114.

Why was Penfield's study described as having an unusual sample?

a)

He only used women

b)

He only used schizophrenics

c)

He only used epileptics

d)

He only used people over the age of 60

115.

What is Tulving's first name?

a)

Endel

b)

Enbel

c)

Enkel

d)

Enjel

116.

What was the aim of Tulving's Study?

a)

To see if the brain reacted differently with episodic and semantic memories

b)

To see if blood flowed to different parts of the brain with episodic and procedural memories

c)

To see if the brain reacted differently with semantic and procedural memories

d)

To see if blood flowed to different parts of the brain with episodic and semantic memories

117.

How many people took part in Tulving's study?

a)

4

b)

5

c)

6

d)

7

118.

With what did Tulving inject his patients?

a)

Radioactive gold

b)

Radioactive silver

c)

Radioactive bronze

d)

Radioactive platinum

119.

Which type of scan did Tulving use?

a)

CT

b)

PET

c)

fMRI

d)

MMI

120.

What was the design of Tulving's study?

a)

Independent group

b)

Matched pairs

c)

Experimental

d)

Repeated measures

121.

In Tulving's study what results did he find?

a)

Blood flowed to the back of the brain for procedural memories

b)

Blood flowed to the back of the brain for semantic memories

c)

Blood flowed to the back of the brain for episodic memories

d)

There was no difference in blood flow

122.

What did Tulving conclude from his study?

a)

Long term and short term memories are in different parts of the brain

b)

Long term memories are more important so located at the front of the brain

c)

Episodic and semantic memories are separate kinds of long term memories and located in different parts of the brain

d)

Memory is not biological

123.

Which of these is not an evaluation of Tulving's study?

a)

It was unethical to inject people with radioactive material

b)

The sample was very restricted

c)

It produced objective scientific evidence

d)

Episodic and semantic memories are often very similar so the results were inconclusive

124.

What is the name for a field of research that looks for patterns in diseases?

a)

Bacteriology

b)

Morphology

c)

Epidemiology

d)

Pathology

125.

What is Nicola Wiles' particular area of interest?

a)

Treatment-resistant depression

b)

Treatment -resistant diseases

c)

Treatment-resistant compulsions

d)

Treatment-resistant obsessions

126.

What percentage of people recover from depression after using antidepressants?

a)

30

b)

50

c)

70

d)

90

127.

What does CoBalT stand for?

a)

Cognitive behaviour therapy as an addition to medication for treatment-resistant depression

b)

Cognitive behaviour therapy as an adjunct to medication for treatment-resistant depression

c)

Cognitive behaviour therapy as a supplement to medication for treatment-resistant depression

d)

Cognitive behaviour therapy as an accompaniment to medication for treatment-resistant depression

128.

Which approach did Wiles wnat to test in her study?

a)

Universal

b)

Comprehensive

c)

Holisitc

d)

Aggregate

129.

How many participants were recruited for Wiles' study?

a)

459

b)

469

c)

479

d)

489

130.

From where did the participants in Wiles' study come?

a)

Bristol, Essex and Glasgow

b)

Birmingham, Exeter and Glasgow

c)

Bristol, Essex and Galway

d)

Bristol, Exeter and Glasgow

131.

How long had the patients in Wiles' study been taking anti depressants with no change?

a)

5 weeks

b)

6 weeks

c)

7 weeks

d)

8 weeks

132.

What does BDI stand for?

a)

Back Depression Inventory

b)

Black Depression Inventory

c)

Beck Depression Inventory

d)

Bleak Depression Inventory

133.

After 6 months and 12 months how many particpants remained in Wiles' study?

a)

412 and 386

b)

422 and 396

c)

432 and 406

d)

442 and 416

134.

As well as improved depression levels in Wiles' study what else did a holistic approach aid?

a)

Understanding

b)

Remission

c)

Long term improvement

d)

Retention

135.

Why was the use of self report studies criticised in Wiles' study?

a)

Answers lack reliability

b)

Answers are objective

c)

Answers lack validity

d)

Answers are not qualitative

136.

Why is Wiles' study considered to be well designed?

a)

It used matched pairs

b)

It removed potential extraneous variables

c)

It controlled the IV

d)

It used repeated measures

137.

What is the main strength of Wiles' study?

a)

It developed new strategies for treating people with depression

b)

It has real world applications

c)

It encouraged a holistic approach to treatment for depression

d)

It is a relatively cheap method of treatment

138.

What was Kaij's first name?

a)

Leonard

b)

Leo

c)

Lennart

d)

Lennard

139.

Kaij wanted to know about nature vs nature or genes vs environment so he conducted his study on what?

a)

Siblings

b)

Parent and child

c)

Twins

d)

Hereditary groups

140.

What was Kaij aiming to prove was hereditary?

a)

Depression

b)

OCD

c)

Drug taking

d)

Alcoholism

141.

In which country was Kaij's study conducted?

a)

Sweden

b)

Norway

c)

Denmark

d)

Finland

142.

310 male twins were used in Kaij's study because at least one of them had registered with what?

a)

The abstinence board

b)

The prohibition board

c)

The temperance board

d)

The sobriety board

143.

How did Kaij collect his data?

a)

Case studies

b)

Questionnaires

c)

Surveys

d)

Interviews

144.

How many twins were identical and non-identical in Kaij's study?

a)

48 and 126

b)

46 and 124

c)

44 and 122

d)

42 and 120

145.

In Kaij's study what percentage of identical twins were both alcoholic?

a)

60

b)

61

c)

62

d)

63

146.

The conclusion of Kaij's study suggests hereditary leads to what in twins towars alcoholism?

a)

Weakness

b)

Vulnerability

c)

Fragility

d)

Assailability

147.

What else did Kaij conclude adds to the chances of alcoholism?

a)

Age

b)

Gender

c)

Environment

d)

Ethnicity

148.

Which of these is not a reason why Kaij's study was flawed?

a)

Bad experiment design

b)

Use of self report responses

c)

Only badly behaved drunks were registered with the temperance board

d)

It lacks reliability

149.

Who supported Kaij's findings in a later study?

a)

Pendler et al

b)

Kendler et al

c)

Wendler at al

d)

Fendler et al

150.

Kaij's study is criticised because it suggests what are more important than they are?

a)

Environments

b)

Parents

c)

Genes

d)

Social groups