Warren has a bacterial infection that has affected the ability of the rods in his eyes to function correctly. This should have the greatest impact on which of the following?

Seeking out information that supports our previously held beliefs, while discounting information that questions those beliefs, is an obstacle to problem solving known as

Joe is taking a new job on the night shift next week. His supervisors have informed him that initially he may have some problems with his level of alertness and his memory as he adjusts to his new schedule. Joe’s supervisors are sharing with Joe their knowledge of

A researcher who is trying to determine how social-cultural changes might be correlated with the incidence of bipolar disorder would be most interested in which of the following?

Zeina cocked her head to the side immediately when she heard the fire truck’s siren. Turning her head enabled each ear to detect a slightly different intensity of sound, thus enabling her to determine the siren’s

A police officer who asks a witness to recall details about someone suspected of a crime would be asking the witness to

People diagnosed with OCD suffer from compulsions. Which of the following is a compulsion?

When a person performs a heroic act solely for public praise, she is on which developmental level according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

The bus driver was surprised when her first passenger asked her to turn the music down, because she thought the volume was fine. When the passenger said something, though, the driver realized the sound was too loud. The bus driver’s initial indifference to the volume can best be understood because

A rat jumps each time it sees a green light flash, because the green light has always appeared just before an electric shock. In classical conditioning, the initial learning of the connection between the light and the shock is referred to as

Which of the following examples is the best illustration of cognitive dissonance?

At their high school reunion, many attendees recalled exactly where they were 20 years before when they realized the school was on fire. Strong memories of an emotionally significant moment are referred to as

Of the following, which pair are both used to reveal activity in a person’s brain?

A therapist who believes in giving patients positive reinforcements when they behave appropriately is most likely to use which of the following techniques?

Phil complained to his doctor that the sleeping pill the doctor previously prescribed no longer was effective at the original dosage. To his doctor’s dismay, Phil confided that he had been taking more than the recommended amount of the drug to get the same effect. Phil’s increasing intake of the drug reflects the condition known as

Students who have recently learned “correlation does not equal causation” should be most cautious of the findings in which news headline below?

The symptoms of schizophrenia can be categorized as positive or negative. Which of the following symptoms can be considered positive?

Mary Ainsworth designed the “strange situation” experiment in order to determine

A principal wants to make this year’s Halloween night dance safer because of vandalism and inappropriate behavior in the gym last year. She decides to increase the lighting in the parking lots, ban students from wearing masks over their faces, and increase the number of video cameras near the gym. These ideas are most closely linked to the principle of

Longitudinal studies suggest that certain characteristics of children, such as conscientiousness and self-control, were very stable when those children became adults. Psychologists use what term to refer to these aspects of personality that appear early in life and which appear to be stable?

One way to determine if infants can perceive a certain stimulus is to measure how long they gaze at the item before looking away. Psychologists use what term to refer to the concept that infants tend to decrease their rate of responding when a stimulus is repeated and no longer novel?

An injury that leads to the loss of binocular vision would have the greatest impact on

The stage of sleep in which an EEG would detect the bursts of rhythmic activity known as sleep spindles is called

Ulric’s doctor suggested that he consider moving to an area where there is greater sunlight or purchasing a light box that emits a bright light. Given these treatment options, Ulric’s doctor must have diagnosed Ulric with

Damage to which of the following brain areas would create the most difficulty in interpreting feelings of heat and cold?

A substance that interrupts neural transmission by fitting into a receptor site but not activating it, or by preventing another neurotransmitter from accessing the receptor site, is known as

Which of the following coefficients reflects the strongest correlation between two variables?

After Donnie realized the “intruder” in his home was just his mother returning unexpectedly, his breathing began to slow down, his heart rate decreased, and his digestion began again. These changes were coordinated by the

The oldest theory about human motivation, which focuses on unlearned, complex patterns of behavior present throughout a species, is known as

Prefixes and suffixes are small groups of letters that when added to the beginning or ending of words alter the definition of those words. Prefixes and suffixes, then, are examples of

Which of the following most accurately describes a projective test?

Mr. Winters is a trainer who encourages his clients to lose weight. Instead of simply rewarding them when their weight declines, he is rewarding them each time they behave in ways that would reduce weight: each time they exercise, decline high-calorie foods, or even take the stairs at work. Reinforcing each time one gets closer to a desired behavior is known as

Often restaurants will require groups of eight or more to pay a tip of 18 percent. This is based on the belief that in larger parties, individuals will often leave a smaller tip because “someone else will pay more.” These restaurant owners, then, are aware of the impact of

In a research study, Dr. Regalis has participants listen to different kinds of music while she uses a brain scan to examine their brain functioning. Dr. Regalis is most likely studying which part of the brain?

As a patient experiences an anxiety attack, he may experience a series of changes that are coordinated by the sympathetic nervous system. Which one of the following would the patient experience?

Joanna’s grandmother told her, “When we were little, we couldn’t afford new clothes, so our mother made us dresses out of potato sacks.” Joanna’s great-grandmother’s ability to envision how a potato sack could be used as material for a dress suggests that she was able to overcome

Research has found that individuals suffering from schizophrenia have an excess number of receptors for the neurotransmitter

Modern psychodynamic counselors are likely to emphasize

Which of the following is an example of variable-ratio reinforcement?

What perspective is sometimes referred to as the “third force,” since it offered a more optimistic alternative to Freud’s psychoanalysis and Skinner’s behaviorism?

The type of therapy that is most likely to emphasize a social-cultural approach by focusing on the patient’s environment is

Which part of the brain would be most involved in maintaining homeostasis in body temperature?

Unexplained physical symptoms, including headaches, pain, and digestive problems, which cannot be explained by physical or mental causes, may be diagnosed as

A psychologist who uses aversive therapy to treat a child’s bedwetting problem is using which of the following approaches?

Psychologist David Wechsler has created tests for adults and children that are designed to reveal their

In order to follow the ethical principles for research as established by the APA, psychologists should

Which of the following statements is most typical of the approach of a cognitive therapist?

Dr. Alscott has examined two sets of data from his research. In the first set, the standard deviation was very small, while in the second set there was a much larger standard deviation. Based on this information, what conclusion can be drawn from these two sets?

“The curious paradox is that when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.” This core idea in humanistic psychology is a quotation from

Hans Selye argued that our bodies produce a similar reaction to all kinds of stress, and the longer this response continues, the more exhausted we become. He named this process

“Both the left and the right hemisphere may be conscious simultaneously in different, even in mutually conflicting, mental experiences that run along in parallel.” This quotation by neuropsychologist Roger Sperry refers to his Nobel Prize– winning research on the effects of severing which part of the brain?

Martin Seligman developed the concept of learned helplessness, the tendency of organisms to give up in situations in which they feel their efforts make no difference. This concept is closely linked to which of the following psychological disorders?

John Watson’s development of the concept of behaviorism was influenced most strongly by the work of

Psychologists Walk and Gibson attempted to determine whether infants had developed the ability to perceive depth by

Systematic desensitization would most likely be used as a treatment for which of the following disorders?

A manager at an ice cream store wants to increase sales, so he creates a program to rank his employees’ sales. His goal is to give a cash prize each week to the employee who has sold the highest number of ice cream cones. His strategy is based on the idea of

The fire alarm has gone off so many times in their new school that Susannah and Tia don’t even flinch when they hear it. In fact, they even remained in the school library during a fire drill because they assumed it was another malfunction. Their failure to respond like they once did to the fire alarm shows the process of

Dr. Anders wants to investigate how people of different ages communicate via the Internet, so she does an experiment with three groups of three different ages: 18–21, 47–50, and 75–78. Concurrently comparing how people of different ages behave is an example of which of the following kinds of research?

In studies, reminding female test-takers that women historically have done poorly on a similar test can lead to lower test performance—particularly when compared with the scores of women who weren’t given such information. This decline in performance is an example of

Research suggests that there is a connection between parenting style and social skills. Children with lower scores on measures of social skills and self-esteem tend to have parents who are

Dr. Kirk worked with the government to create new standards for people seeking jobs as airport security screeners, including assessments in the interview process, designs for the flow of the security process itself, and measures for evaluating the job performance of these screeners. Which career category best fits Dr. Kirk’s work?

Which emotion theory places the greatest emphasis on physiological changes happening first, which are then followed by an experience of an emotion?

Although the group of senior citizens beat the teenagers in a trivia contest based on history, they were not nearly as successful in a competition that required them to quickly learn the rules of a new video game. This is most likely due to the decline of which of the following as humans age?

Which of these statements is most accurate about REM sleep?

Random-dot stereograms are pictures that have an image hidden among the dots. Humans can often see these hidden images because each eye has a slightly different image projected on its retina, allowing us to see depth. Which term best describes this process?

A therapist tells a CEO that the reason he yells and screams at his staff is due to behavior he learned as a child. When he was a child, he threw temper tantrums in order to get his way. What is the term for this defense mechanism?

During a dental procedure, Xavier is injected with a drug that is designed to greatly reduce his pain by interfering with the sending of pain signals. At the neural level, the drug is preventing

A babysitter cuts a sandwich into three equal pieces, then keeps two and gives one to the child she is caring for. The child is upset that this is unfair, so the babysitter divides the child’s piece into two. Since each of them now has two pieces, the child is content. According to Jean Piaget, this is because the child lacks

A young gymnast works out many hours each day to prepare for a national competition. This schedule means that she has to forgo opportunities to socialize with her peers, and makes it hard to have a romantic relationship. The gymnast’s willingness to give up some kinds of affection in order to pursue athletic achievements is at odds with whose theory of human motivation?

Seven-year-old Daniel was able to see that the dot-to-dot puzzle was going to form a picture of a tiger even before he started drawing on the puzzle. Which Gestalt principle helped Daniel perceive the tiger from all the unconnected dots?

In an experiment by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, participants labeled their arousal as joyous or irritable, depending on the people they were with. This experiment established that emotions are not only physiological but are also

A tumor cut off bloodflow to a small section of Gia’s brain, and as a result she struggled to understand the words that were being spoken to her. The damage to Gia’s brain was probably localized in her

According to the behavioral perspective, the purpose of punishment is to

When Eli initially joined an online group against increased government spending, he only had mild views on the topic. If he continues in the group and rarely gets information from alternate sources with opposing views, what might be the outcome?

When hiring for a new creative director for an advertising agency, Amina decided that the number one criteria she desired was a person who could devise numerous ways to solve problems. A person talented in this area would most likely be good at

The personality test that is based on the writings of Carl Jung is the

Jason was watching the TV news and spotted a young man on a video running away from the police who were attempting to stop him. “He’s running, so he must be a bad man,” said Jason to his father. Jason’s statement is an example of

The sound of a sizzling steak or the smell of a warm apple pie might strongly tempt people to relish eating them. In the study of motivation, the sound and smell are considered to be

In the early twentieth century, French psychologists led by Alfred Binet developed the first test for intelligence to be given to French school children for the purpose of

“We were not surprised to discover that contact comfort was an important basic affectional or love variable, but we did not expect it to overshadow so completely the variable of nursing . . .” This quotation was written by which of the following psychologists?

An experimenter finds a difference between an experimental group and a control group that is less likely due to chance and more likely due to the manipulation of the independent variable. This finding then is most likely to be

The mere exposure effect reinforces the belief that the most important predictor in whether two people might be friends is

Albert Bandura believed that children could learn not only by doing behaviors themselves, but also by watching models perform those behaviors. His ideas expanded the idea of learning to include

Which of the following is an example of a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Noam Chomsky departed from B. F. Skinner’s beliefs about language, arguing that

Paul was unable to correctly identify the right shade of blue his wife wanted at the paint store, so he purchased various hues and brought them home. Apparently the ability to detect the varieties of the different blues fell below Paul’s

Teachers at York High School were dismayed at a new test they would be required to take to demonstrate their ability as educators. Rather than a test of content knowledge or of teaching techniques, the new test would measure their reaction time to a series of rapidly flashed abstract images and words. Despite the assurances of the test’s creator, the teachers argued that a test like this would have low

In Stanley Milgram’s experiments on obedience, he discovered that participants were less obedient when

The work of Elizabeth Loftus and other researchers has led to significant changes in the way courts and police officers think about

The developmental theories of Lev Vygotsky differed from those of Jean Piaget in that Vygotsky

Dorothea Dix was a passionate advocate for

For those who focus on the biological approach, important evidence for whether someone who has been diagnosed with depression is improving is

Instead of methodically poring through the atlas to find the correct map, Ivan just flipped to the section of the book where he thought it might be. Using a strategy based on a hunch rather than examining each page carefully involves the use of

On the very first day of class, Mr. Boyarsky gave his students a test. When some complained, he responded that he wanted to know what their talents were, so he was giving them a test to predict what kind of skills they might learn best, and what kinds of jobs they might like to do one day. Mr. Boyarsky’s test was

When basketball star Michael Jordan graduated as one of a small number of geography majors from college, the average starting salary for a geography major soared by several hundred thousand dollars. In a situation like this, where a small amount of data greatly inflates the average, it is better to use which measure of central tendency?

Damage to what part of a neuron might result in slowed or incomplete neural transmission along the axon?

Dr. Warren is testing the link between the consumption of caffeine and a person’s memory. She randomly divides 300 participants into three groups and gives each participant an energy drink to consume. Some of the drinks have high levels of caffeine, some have medium amounts, and some have none at all—but they all taste the same. About 30 minutes later, she has the participants play a memory game on the computer where they have to match faces and names together. At the end of the game, the computer thanks them for playing, and their scores are sent to Dr. Warren’s lab. The dependent variable in the experiment is

The independent variable in the experiment described in question 98 is

A person who has an external locus of control is most likely to explain success or failure on a math test as due to