provide light and magnification that can enable observation of a cellular level

built into equipment light up the inside of the body to assist with procedures and diagnosis

Theory included an explanation of the reaction of light waves with encountering objects/surfaces.

Refraction/reflection.

Does not explain photoelectric effort.

light is made up of particles/photons.

Did not account for reflection/refraction

Light is both particle and wave functions

Light is a atomic particle - photon: which is a very small bundle of energy with no mass.

Fairly constant at 3x10⁸ m/s or 186k miles/s

distance between two successive light waves.

determines the color and energy potential.

Shorter has more energy.

determined by how many waves pass a given point in one second

height of the wave.

More height = greater intensity

Caused by impurities or loss

Optical Density = ____ : transmittance

1. Specular - the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of ____
2. Diffuse - the angle of ____ is random

Caused by impurities

Light is bent as a result of passing from one surface to another surface with different densities.

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.

The fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance

The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection

the light is directed/concentrated to a single point or focal spot

the dispersion of light in an outward direction

Bringing the light or the view into the eye at the maximum focal point

The ratio of the amplification of light caused by the use of an optical lens or lenses

The location at which rays parallel to the optical axis of an ideal mirror or lens converges to a point.

Distance between the focal point and the middle of the lens

interior piece of the cable where light is actually transmitted. Made of glass and/or polymer.

Material around the core of a fiber optic cable.

Made of glass and/or plastic.

Material has a lower refractive index (confines the light to the core).

Material surrounds the cladding, typically a polymer coating applied through spraying, dipping, extrusion, and electrostatic methods.

Uses of Fiber optic cables include: light source and ____

Optical microscopes: uses transmitted light to observe targets at high magnification

Distance between two successive light waves

Mirror that concentrates light to a single point or focal spot

Mirror that disperses light in an outward direction

Determined by how many waves pass a given point in one second

Light is bent as a result of two different surfaces

Disappears into the medium

determined by how many waves pass a given point in one second

2 kinds: specular and diffuse

The fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance

Caused by impurities in the medium

When testing fiber optic cable repairs, you should check for ___ dots

Optical microscopes: modified bright-field microscope that uses additional lenses and angles to vary the light density on the specimen.

Optical microscopes: Special condenser lens with an opaque disc so that direct rays of light don't enter the objective lens. Only light scattered by the specimen enters the objective lens to form the image on a dark background. Does not have good res.

Optical microscopes: Allows easy observation of 3D objects at low magnification.

Optical microscopes: This microscope illuminates the specimen using ____ rays from a mercury or an iodine-quartz lamp. These images are captured on photographic film.

Optical microscopes: Provides a better image than phase-contrast. Measures dry weight, thickness and water content of the specimen

Optical microscopes: Similar to ultraviolet, this uses mercury or xenon lamps to produce UV light. the light is then shined onto a dichroic mirror that reflects only one range of wavelengths.

Single, precise, frequency which gives a specific color

tight narrow beam that needs to be maintained over a long distance

the waves of light are in phase

What are the two main uses for microscopes in medicine?

which microscope uses mercury or xenon lamps to produce UV light

Which microscope allows easy observation of 3D objects at low magnification

why do you have to clean microscope lenses with a special cloth and cleaning solution

what are the 5 main parts of the microscope

what are the parts of the fiber optic cable

what are the 3 types of lenses

Caused by impurities or loss

The fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance

Light is bent as a result of passing from one surface to another surface with different densities.

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it enters a medium where its speed is different.

Specular - the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of ____

Diffuse - the angle of ____ is random

Single, precise, frequency which gives a specific color

the emission of light induced by an external energy source

the emission of light after population inversion of the medium has been achieved by the spontaneously emitted photons

which comes first

wavelength of visible light

The optical resonator consists of at least two mirrors aligned so that absent optical losses light remains trapped between the mirrors

The inside surface has a partially reflective coating to reflect a specified percentage of the beam back into the resonator

Four types of lasers used in medicine

what does the amplification part of a laser mean

what does LASER stand for

Light waves that are monochromatic and in phase

heat damage by use of light produced by lasers

Some modes that lasers operate in:

What are some facts about the CO2 laser

used for Glaucoma, Diabetic eye disease, treat ulcers, lesions, polyps

used for Glaucoma, Diabetic eye disease, treat ulcers, lesions, polyps

used for LASIK, PRK and psoriasis

The ___ determines the color of the light beam and the ___ determines its intensity

The fraction of radiant energy that passes through a substance is not affected by

Uses a crystal rod as the lasing medium which is dispersed with rare earth elements

Often referred as the "surgical laser," may operate in continuous wave or pulsed far infrared

A continuous wave gas laser that emits blue-green light which is strongly absorbed by hemoglobin and melanin

Emit invisible UV light that triggers a photochemical reaction on the target tissue

Emits yellow light which coincides with the peak absorption of hemoglobin in the blood