Worksheetspathophysiology exam 1
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 55mins
the manifestations of a disease are best defined as the
subjective feelings of discomfort during a chronic illness
signs and symptoms of a disease
factors the precipitate an acute episode of a chronic illness
early indicators of the prodromal stage of infection
the term homeostasis refers to
the causative factors in a particular disease
maintenance of a stable internal environment
a condition that triggers an acute episode
a collection of signs and symptoms
when a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called
ischemia
gangrene
hypoxia
necrosis
a type of cellular adaptation in which there is a decrease in cell size is referred to as
hypertrophy
metaplasia
anaplasia
atrophy
the term prognosis refers to the
period of recovery and return to a normal state
mortality and morbidity rates for a given population
expected outcome of the disease
typical collection of signs and symptoms
all of the following statements are correct about cell damage except:
the initial stage of cell damage often causes an alteration in metabolic reactions
if the factor causing the damage is removed quickly, the cell may be able to recover and return to its normal state
if the noxious factor remains for an extended period of time, the damage becomes irreversible and the cell dies
initially, cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function
caseation necrosis refers to an area where
cell proteins have been denatured
cells are liquified by enzymes
dead cells form a thick cheesy substance
bacterial invasion has occurred
pathophysiology involves the study of
structure of the human body
the functions of various organs in the body
functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes
various cell structures and related functions
to which of the following does the term apoptosis refer
increased rate of mitosis by certain cells
ischemic damage to cells
liquefaction of necrotic tissue
preprogrammed cell self-destruction
which of the following conditions distinguishes double blind studies used in health research
neither the members of the control group or the experimental group nor the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving the experimental therapy
both groups of research subjects and the person administering the treatment know who is receiving the experimental therapy
the research subjects do not know, but the person administering the treatment knows who is receiving placebo or standard therapy
only members of the control group know they are receiving standard therapy
which of the following is usually included in a medical history
- past illnesses or surgeries
- current illnesses, acute and chronic
- prescribed medication or other treatments
- nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies
- current allergies
1,3
2,4,5
1,3,4
1,2,3,4,5
the term pathogenesis refers to the
determination of the cause(s) involved in the development of a malignant neoplasm
the development of a disease or sequence of events related to tissue changes involved in the disease process
the specific signs and symptoms involved in the change from an acute disease to a chronic disease
the changes in cells of affected tissue that result in necrosis
which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology
the science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases
the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular disease
identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms
the global search for emerging diseases
which of the following statements is true
alteration of DNA does not change cell function
damaged cells may be able to repair themselves
all types of cells die at the same time
mild ischemia causes immediate cell death
a circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed
latent stage
predisposing factor
incidence
precipitating factor
the term cancer refers to
dysplasia
hyperplasia
metaplasia
malignant neoplasm
rigorous weight lifting/ body building regimens may result in the skeletal muscle cells undergoing
hypertrophy
dysplasia
atrophy
regeneration
which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease
swelling of the knee
pain in the neck
fever
red rash on the face
when prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as
atrophy
liquefactive necrosis
apoptosis
infarction
which of the following can cause cell injury or death
- hypoxia
- exposure to excessive cold
- excessive pressure on a tissue
- chemical toxins
1,2
2,4
1,3,4
1,2,3,4
a change in a tissue marked by cells that vary in size and shape and show increased mitotic figures would be called
metaplasia
atrophy
dysplasia
hypertrophy
cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as
abnormal metabolic processes
certain food additives
genetic defects
localized hypoxia
the term disease refers to
the period of recovery and return to a normal healthy state
a deviation from the normal state of health and function
the treatment measures used to promote recovery
a basic collection of signs and symptoms
a situation when there is a higher than expected number of cases of an infectious disease within a given area is called a/an
exacerbation
epidemic
morbidity
pandemic
why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals
to predict the prognosis
to determine treatments
to develop preventive measures
to develop morbidity statistics
which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease
an inherited disorder
a combination of specific etiological factors
an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug
prolonged exposure to toxic chemicals in the environment
the best definition of the term prognosis is the
precipitating factors causing an acute episode
number of remissions to be expected during the course of a chronic illness
predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease
exacerbations occurring during chronic illness
a deficit of oxygen in the cells usually due to respiratory or circulatory problems is called
ischemia
apoptosis
hypertrophy
necrosis
a collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one organ or system, that usually occur together in response to a certain condition is referred to as a (an)
acute disease
multiorgan disorder
syndrome
manifestation
short-term illness that develops very quickly with perhaps a high fever or severe pain is called
acute
latent
chronic
manifestation
if the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased effectiveness and is safe, this is called
the placebo effect
evidence-based research
blind research studies
approval for immediate distribution
all of the following are part of the seven steps to health except:
follow cancer screening guidelines
use sun block agents whenever exposed
participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis
choose high fiber, lower fat foods
etiology is defined as the study of the
causes of disease
course of a disease
expected complications of a disease
manifestations of a disease
which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease has been established
symptoms
occurrence
manifestations
complication
routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of
an iatrogenic cause of cancer
a preventive measure
a precipitating factor
a predisposing condition
during the evaluation process for a new therapy's effectiveness and safety, a double blind study may be conducted during
the first stage
the second stage
the third stage
any of these stages
which of the following is the primary cation in the extracellular fluid
sodium
potassium
calcium
iron
which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading
fluid excess
fluid deficit
increased sodium level
decreased erythrocytes
when the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal, water would shift from the
blood into the cells
interstitial compartment into the cells
interstitial compartment into the blood
cells into the interstitial compartment
which statements apply to atrial natriuretic peptide
- it is secreted by heart muscle cells
- it is a hormone secreted by the kidneys
- it helps to control water and sodium balance
- it is released in response to low blood pressure
1,3
1,4
2,3
2,4
which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
skeletal muscle twitch and cramps
oliguria
elevated serum pH
cardiac arrhythmias
what is the slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance
respiratory system
buffer systems in the blood
kidneys
brain
what would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate
metabolic alkalosis
metabolic acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range
carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quanities
all excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys
the concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant
the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20
which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis
bradycardia and deep rapid breathing
drowsiness and general lethargy
increased nervous system irritability
decreased urine pH
which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration
rapid, strong pulse
low hematocrit
increased urine output
rough oral mucosa
which two ions are most important for acid-base balance in the body
K+, Na+
Cl- and HCO3-
Ca++, Na+
Na+, Cl-
in the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to
a deficient sodium level
an excess phosphate level
an excess sodium level
an excessively low phosphate level
which of the following would be considered normal serum pH
4.5-8
7.0
7.4
8.0
which of the following causes tetany
increased permeability of nerve membranes due to low serum calcium
excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle to excess parathyroid hormone (PTH)
excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves as a result of neoplasms
increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex
prolonged diarrhea results in
loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis
increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis
loss of chloride ions only, leading to metabolic alkalosis
surplus bicarbonate ions, leading to respiratory alkalosis
hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because
permeability of nerve membranes increases
insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction
low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction
excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle
in patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be
increased rate and depth of respiration
decreased rate and depth of respiration
increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate
decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate
one of the factors involved in the increased need for water in infants is
proportionally smaller body surface area
higher metabolic rate
smaller respiratory capacity
greater surface area of exposed mucous membranes
serum potassium levels are affected by
- ADH
- aldosterone
- serum H+ levels
- insulin levels
2 only
1,2
1,3
2,3,4
1,2,3
which of the following would cause edema
decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
increased capillary osmotic pressure
decreased capillary permeability
increased capillary permeability
choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight) in an adult male's body
30%
20%
10%
4%
which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations
increased carbonic acid
decreased carbonic acid
increased bicarbonate ion
decreased bicarbonate ion
an anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to
increased PCO2
decreased PCO2
respiratory acidosis
metabolic acidosis
which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity
dehydration
third-spacing
hypovolemia
water retention
the control center for thirst is located in the
kidneys
thalamus
medula
hypothalamus
in the initial stage, vomiting results in
metabolic acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
respiratory alkalosis
none of the above
strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in
hypokalemia
hypernatremia
hyperchloremia
hypovolemia
hypokalemia refers to a condition in which the serum has a very low level of which ion
sodium
phosphate
calcium
potassium
what is the effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body
bicarbonate ion levels decrease
bicarbonate ions levels increase
carbonic acid levels increase
pH increases
the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH. the balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels is controlled by the
liver and pancreas
lungs and kidneys
lungs and plasma proteins
kidneys and bone marrow
which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels
ADH
aldosterone
serum H+ levels
serum K+ levels
choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult's body:
30%
45%
60%
70%
which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia
loss of the thirst mechanism
excessive sweating
excessive aldosterone secretion
prolonged period of rapid, deep respirations
the direct effects of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the
digestive system
urinary system
nervous system
respiratory system
which of the following results from hypocalcemia
- low serum phosphate levels
- nausea and constipation
- skeletal muscle twitch and spasms
- weak cardiac contractions
1,2
1,4
2,3
3,4
when many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood, what happens to serum pH? the pH
decreases
increases
remains constant
varies based on metabolism
what are the three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH
hypothalamus, metabolic changes by digestive system, lymphatic system filtration
buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate
neural feedback, increase in heart rate, decrease in calcium intake
modification of water intake, increased capillary permeability, decrease in blood volume
insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through
perspiration only
feces only
perspiration and expiration
urine and feces
which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins
increased osmotic pressure
decreased osmotic pressure
increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased hydrostatic pressure
the full course of a prescribed antimicrobial drug should be completed so as to prevent
undesirable side effects
development of resistant microbes
an allergic response
proper metabolism and excretion of drug
a placebo may be described as a tablet or capsule
that contains high amounts of a drug to determine the maximum dose allowed
that does not contain an active drug
that contains a different drug to be used for its psychological effect
that contains a small amount of active drug for use in clinical trials
the form of therapy that involves assessment of physical function and works to restore any problems and prevent any further dysfunction using methods such as appropriate exercises and ultrasound is referred to as
reflexology
naturopathy
physiotherapy
registered massage therapy
a medical history should include all
- legally prescribed drugs
- vitamin or mineral supplements
- any medication not requiring a prescription (over-the-counter items)
- herbal treatments
1,3
1,2,4
1 only
1,2,3,4
traditional drug or surgical therapy is incorporated with nontraditional methods by
chiropractors
naturopaths
osteopaths
homeopaths
what is the unique, simple, and official name assigned to a specific drug for worldwide us
chemical name
trade name
proprietary name
generic name
which is the route of administration by which the largest proportion of the drug dose is likely lost before reaching the site of action
intramusclar
sublingual
oral
intravenous
after they are metabolized, most drugs are excreted through the
large intestine
pancreas
kidneys
lungs
a drug that binds with selected specific cell receptors may
- stimulate activity in those cells
- inhibit activity in those cells
- change specificity and attach to other cells
- be disabled by macrophages
1,3,4
1,2
3,4
2,3
contraindications printed on the label of a drug identify
the maximum shelf life of the medication
the dosage limits associated with the use of the drug
those typical side effects associated with this drug
those circumstances under which the drug should probably not be used
what is the reaction called when two drugs interact to produce a result much greater than the sum of individual effects
beneficial
antagonism
synergism
potentiation
in traditional asian medicine, acupoints are usually located
where blood vessel branch
on designated meridians
over pain or other sensory receptors
over joints
which of the following are considered to be the toxic effects of a drug
reduction of the allergic response
unusual, unexpected mild effects
additional, mild, unwanted effects
serious, possibly life-threatening effects
at which site are most drugs metabolized and prepared for excretion
lymphoid tissue
kidneys
liver
circulating blood
what is a common analgesic administered to control a moderate level of pain
ibuprofen
acetaminophen
codeine
meperidine
cancer-related pain has been broken down into three basic categories: pain caused by the advance of the disease and resultant damage to the body, pain that is the result of coexisting disease unrelated to the cancer, and
pain associated with the treatment of the disease
phantom pain as a result of amputation
pain associated with damage to the peripheral nerves
pain caused by emotional stress and metabolic changes
which of the following is a characteristic of acute pain but not of chronic pain
severe but short term
fatigue and lower pain tolerance
a perception of increased generalized pain and discomfort
depression and debilitation
which of the following applies to spinal anethesia
the transmission of pain impulses is blocked in a small area of the body
the drug stimulates release of endorphins in the spinal cord
it causes analgesia with loss of consciousness
the drug is injected into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or the epidural space of the spinal cord
in which structure do pain impulses ascend the spinal cord
reticular formation
spinothalamic tract
relevant dermatone
corticospinal tract
a headache that is related to changes in cerebral blood flow is classified as a/an ____ headache
migraine
tension
sinus
intracranial
which of the following analgesics acts to reduce pain at the peripheral site
codeine
acetaminophen
intravenous general anesthesia
morphine
a headache that results from pressure on the meninges surrounding the brain is referred to as a/an
intrameningeal headache
migraine headache
intracranial headache
cerebral headache
the impulses related to acute pain are usually transmitted by
unmyelinated C fibers
nocireceptors
myelinated A delta fibers
any sensory fiber with a low pain threshold
ibuprofen is classified as an NSAID and is particularly useful in treating
intracranial pain
pain caused by inflammation
severe pain
pain in young infants
which of the following is a characteristic of chronic pain
it is more difficult to diagnose and treat than is acute pain
it involves tissue damage to a specific organ
it usually initiates a physiological stress response
it always involves a strong emotional response such as high anxiety
pain perceived in the left arm during the course of a heart attack is an example of
chronic pain
phantom pain
subjective pain response
referred pain
what is the role of nociceptors? they are
pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means
responsible for the state of arousal with pain
spinal nerves that conduct impulses from specific areas of the skin
useful in localizing pain to a specific area of the body
pain that is caused by trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves is referred to as
neurogenic pain
neuropathic pain
referred pain
central pain
what is the term used to describe the degree of pain that is endured before an individual takes action
pain tolerance
referred pain
pain threshold
phantom pain
pain resulting from a profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissues in a specific area of the body is referred to as
chronic pain
central pain
ischemic pain
cardiovascular pain
what is the definition of endorphins
pain-causing chemical mediators
opiate-like blocking agents in the central nervous system
transmitters for sensory impulses
neurotransmitters at the nociceptors
intractable pain is best defined as
pain coming from a specific dermatome
pain that is perceived as occurring in an amputated limb
severe pain that cannot be controlled by medication
pain perceived as coming from a source other than the actual source
which of the following statements is true
the brain is more aware of pain impulses when the reticular activating system is depressed
chronic pain is easier to tolerate without negative effects
acute pain does not cause a reflex response at the spinal cord synapses
young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure
according to the gate-control theory, passage of pain impulses may be naturally block
by referring the pain to other parts of the body
by the stress hormone
by administration of morphine directly into the spinal cord
at the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses
