The carbon atom is the foundation of all organic molecules, and its versatility gives rise to the __________.

The basic structural and functional unit of life is the ____

The ___________ regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell and enables ________ between cells.

The cellular process that transform matter and energy make up _______

Organisms obtain energy from food by breaking it down by means of ________ or ________.

___________ if the basis of life on planet earth. Its organisms capture light energy and use it to make the food that all organisms depend on.

A eukaryotic cell grows and then divides in two, passing along identical genetic information to its daughter cells via _________. The _________ describes this progression.

______ of Earth's surface is covered by water.

Substance that supports all of life

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Matter is made up of ________

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

Chemists recognize ___ elements occurring in nature

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio

A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow and reproduce

Make up approximately 96% of living matter

The smallest nit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

A subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge

A subatomic particle having no electrical charge

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge

Protons and neutrons are packed together tightly in a dense core

A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu

Number of protons. Written as a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. Written as a subscript to the top left of an element's symbol.

# of protons + # of neutrons =

# of protons =

Mass # - Atomic # =

Total mass of an atom, numerically equivalent to the mass in grams of 1 mole of an atom

One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass

An isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy

Capacity to cause change - doing work

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

The _____ of an atom have potential energy due to their distance from the ______.

An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom

Chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on the number of electrons in its ________ shell

Electron in the outermost electron shell

The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom.

An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposie charges on the atoms The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells.

The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond

A pair of shared electrons

The sharing of two pairs of covalence electrons by two atoms

The bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form, which usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost shell.

The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atom of similar electronegativity

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive.

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge

A negatively charged ion

A positively charged ion

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Compounds formed by ionic bonds

A noncovalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges.

A starting material in a chemical reaction

A material resulting from a chemical reaction

In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time

A molecule (such as water) with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule

The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, in this case by means of hydrogen bonds.

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

The energy associated with the relative motion of objects. Moving matter can perform work by imparting motion to other matter.

Kinetic energy due to the random motion of atoms and molecules; energy in the most random form

The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius; release then it cools by 1 degree Celsius. Usually used to indicate the energy content of food

A thousand calories; the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

A unit of energy: 1 J = 0.239 cal; 1 cal = 4.184 j.

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius

The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evporation, a result of the molecles with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known.

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

A solution in which water is the solvent

The sphere of water molecules around a dissolved ion

Having an affinity for water

Having no affinity for water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water

The process by which the pH of the ocean is lowered (made more acidic) when excess CO2 dissolves in seawater and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)

The sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule; sometimes called molecular weight

The number of grams of substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro's number of molecules

A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log and ranging in value from 0 to 14

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

A solution that contains a weak acid and its corresponding base. It minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution

Which of the following is a trace element

When the number of protons and electrons possessed by an atom are unequal, the atom _________.

Which of the following molecules has the shape of a completed tetrahedron?

The number of protons in an uncharged atom ______.

The chemical characteristics or reactivity of an element depend mostly on the ________.

A solution at pH 6 contains ________ more than the same amount of solution at pH 8.

Which of the following has negligible mass?

Isotopes of an element will always differ in _______.

The amount of heat required to convert 1g of any substance from the liquid to the gaseous state is defined as _________.

A covalent bond will be polar is ________.

Why is the increasing amount of carbon dioxide being taken up by the oceans a cause for concern?

The amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 g of a substance by 1°C is defined as .

An acid is _______.

Ionic bonds form as a result of

How many electrons would be present in the valence shell of a sulfur atom (atomic number 16, mass number 32)?

Coastal climates are more moderate than inland climates primarily because of water’s high __________.

The tendency of water molecules to stay close to each other as a result of hydrogen bonding __________.

Adhesion is best described as

Hydrophilic substances, but not hydrophobic substances, ____________.

Cells are surrounded by water, and cells themselves consist of about 70 to 95 percent water. As a result