According to _______ _______, we tend to attribute someone’s behavior to the situation (context or external factors) or his or her disposition(personal or internal factors).

(a)  

In an internal, or ________ ______ people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings.

(a)  

______ _______, also known as external attributions, occur when we infer that a behavior or event is caused by some factor relative to the situation. When we blame things on the weather, traffic, or alcohol.

(a)  

One bias is called the ________ ________ _______, which is a bias in favor of internal (dispositional) attributions rather than external (situational) attributions in explaining other people’s behavior.

(a)  

When we explain our own behavior, we partly reverse the fundamental attribution error and make another type of bias called the ______-_____ ______.It reflects our tendency to attribute our own behavior primarily to situational factors and the behavior of others primarily to dispositional factors.

(a)  

The _____-______ ______ is yet another bias we tend to demonstrate with regard to attributions regarding our own behavior. It refers to our tendency to attribute our successes to personal (dispositional) factors and our failures to external (situational) factors. In short, we take credit when there is a positive outcome and blame something else when there is a negative outcome.

(a)  

An (a)   is a belief and feeling that predisposes a person to approach and react in a particular way to objects, other people, and events.

______ _______are overtly expressed or verbalized attitudes.

(a)  

_______ _______are attitudes that are not expressed. For example, if you are on a first date with someone who goes on at length about the wonders of Alfredo sauce and you happen to dislike it, you would probably avoid saying, “I hate Alfredo sauce,” and instead say something along the lines of, “I prefer marinara.”

(a)  

Another way that behavior influences attitudes is through _____ _____ ______. Social roles are socially defined behaviors considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a group. When we play a role, even if we know it is just pretending, we eventually tend to adopt the attitudes that go with the role, and become the role.

(a)  

Another mechanism for how behaviors affect attitudes is ______ _______, which refers to the unpleasant state of tension we experience when our attitudes and behaviors are inconsistent.

(a)  

We have a strong need for ______ ________ and tend to resolve any dissonance by changing our attitudes to make them more consistent with our behavior.

(a)  

(a)   refers to changing or adopting a behavior or an attitude in an effort to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people.

What did psychologist Solomon Asch study? (Hint: male college students were asked to engage in a simple task: An experimenter held up a card depicting one line on the left and three lines on the right. The participant’s job was to say aloud which of the three lines on the right was the same length as the line on the left. The correct answer was obvious but the people answering prior to the participant would say the wrong answer).

(a)  

conspirator imposters pretending to be in an experiment are called what?

(a)  

_____ _______ ______, which refers to influence to conform to social norms that comes from a person’s desire to gain the approval of others or avoid rejection by them or other negative consequences.

(a)  

____ ______ _______ pertains to influence to conform to social norms that comes from the person’s desire to be right or do the right thing, and he/she perceives that the group may provide valuable information.

(a)  

(a)   refers to behavior that complies with the explicit demands of an individual in authority.

Who conducted a series of laboratory experiments to see if he could get participants to behave contrary to their own nature by simply being instructed to comply with a set of rules. (In the experiment a test subject was instructed to shock someone (an "actor" that the test subject thought was just another participant).

(a)  

One example of how the presence of others affects our behavior is that sometimes our ability to perform a task will improve when others are present (called _____ ______), and sometimes our performance will fall apart when others are present.

(a)  

______ _______is the tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone. In this, individual members “slack off,” exerting less effort because others are present to do the work.

(a)  

_____ ___ _______—that as the size of the group increases, the amount of responsibility is diffused across its members, lessening the amount of responsibility any one group member feels.

(a)  

Another phenomenon that occurs in groups that influences how people behavior is (a)   . This refers to the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint that results in people behaving in ways they normally would not.

_____ _______ is the tendency of members of a group, after group discussion, to shift toward a more extreme position in whatever direction they were leaning initially. In other words, discussion with like-minded people tends to strengthen our pre-existing attitudes.

(a)  

(a)   is a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides the realistic appraisal of alternatives. Members of a group will ignore and suppress dissenting views because they are more interested in seeking consensus of opinion than in reaching a rational decision.

Behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperation, and sympathy, is referred to as ______ _______.

(a)  

_____ (_____) _____ are conscious beliefs, feelings, and behaviors that people are perfectly comfortable divulging, are usually hostile, and openly favor their own group.

(a)  

The Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures (a)   attitudes

Participants sorting things into categories like young and old names or good and bad things is an example of what?

(a)  

(a)   is an unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It is often directed towards different cultural, ethnic, or gender groups.

At the very core of prejudice is a (a)   , a widely shared belief about the characteristic traits, attitudes, and behaviors of members of various social groups (such as racial, ethnic, or religious groups), including the assumption that the members of such groups are usually alike.

As mentioned previously, (a)   is behavior, usually negative, directed toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group

Social divisions occur when there is an “us and them” attitude. “Us” pertains to an ___ - ____, people with whom we share a common social identity.

(a)  

____ _______refers to the way we define ourselves in terms of group memberships (identifying with a religious group, social organization, country). It doesn’t necessarily mean that we know or interact with every other member of the group, but that we believe we share numerous features with other group members.

(a)  

“Them” refers to an _____-_____, those perceived as different from our in-group. We are continually comparing our in-groups with other groups.

(a)  

A tendency to emphasize differences between groups and to favor our own group ___-_____ _____

(a)  

An emotional root of prejudice is referred to as ______ ________, whereby prejudice provides an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame when something bad happens.

(a)  

The ____-_____ _______is our tendency to believe the world is just, believing that justice generally happens, that people get benefits and punishments they deserve. For example, the implication is that if people are rich and privileged, they must have earned it;and if people are poor, outcast, they must not deserve better.

(a)  

_______ ______the tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and ignore or distort contradictory evidence. We are not likely to look for counterexamples to our stereotypes.

(a)  

Psychologists define (a)   as behavior intended to harm another person.

_____ ______ _______ is that after repeated frustrating events, anger can build and find a target, and then aggression can erupt, possibly against someone who was not the initial cause of the frustration.

(a)  

(a)   , the unselfish regard for the welfare of others

______ _______, the tendency of a given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

(a)  

Another factor influencing attraction is (a)   or geographic nearness

The ______ _____ _____takes place when merely seeing someone’s face and name makes them more likable.

(a)  

With ______ _______, psychologists consider whether the behavior breaks established rules of culture or societal norms

(a)  

With _______ _______, a behavior might be deemed abnormal due to its infrequency or frequency. For example, look at item 13 with Anthony washing his hands fifty times a day. This is certainly more frequent than the average person who isn’t in a profession that necessitates washing hands.

(a)  

The (a)   criterion refers to whether the behavior makes it difficult for the person to function, adapt to the environment, and meet everyday demands.

Lastly, the personally (a)   criterion pertains to whether the behavior results in feelings of discomfort, distress, and unhappiness(i.e., suffering). Examples of this are reflected in item 2 (Terry having regular terrible nightmares and making up terrified, shaking and sweating),

The criteria outlined above are used in a classification system of psychological disorders used to aid clinicians in making diagnoses. The system is called the ______ ___ _____ ______ ______ ___ _____ _____.

(a)  

There have been several criticisms of the DSM. Some psychologists contend that the DSM perpetuates the _____ ______ approach to psychological disorders. This is the approach adhered to by physicians and psychiatrists, which is logical since this is the traditional model adhered to in medical schools. It is a biological approach that describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin that is more or less independent of external or environmental factors.

(a)  

______ _____ _______ include making it difficult to recognize normal behavior when it occurs, actually increasing the likelihood that a person will act in an abnormal way (labels become self-fulfilling prophecies), attaching social stigma to people whereby they can be rejected, stereotyped, disgraced, and suffer discrimination.

(a)  

The ______ ______described above attributes psychological disorders as arising from a physical cause. This approach focuses on brain structure abnormalities, neurotransmitter imbalances, and genetic factors as the sources of psychological disorders

(a)  

Schizophrenia is associated with enlarged (a)   (fluid-filled sacs in the brain), and enlargement indicates atrophy or deterioration in other brain tissue.

The _______ ______ proposes that biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders.

(a)  

_______ _______ are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that attempt to reduce anxiety

(a)  

_______ ______ ______is characterized by chronic, excessive worry for six months or more (DSM). It is often called “free floating anxiety” because of the general and pervasive anxiety triggered by many situations and not tied to any specific threat; worry that is widespread and undiscriminating. It reflects fairly constant (persistent) worry about many issues(both mundane and serious), and it interferes with functioning. An individual with it cannot specify a particular, key reason for the anxiety. The worry can be accompanied by physical symptoms such as headaches, stomachaches, and muscle tension.

(a)  

______ ______ is characterized by recurrent unpredictable episodes of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror called panic attacks (DSM). When a person experiences a panic attack, he/she feels as if he/she is having a heart attack, is going to die, is going insane, or is going to do something he/she is not in control of.

(a)  

A (a)   is a persistent, irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses little or no real danger, but that the person feels compelled to avoid.

________ _______ _______consists of recurrent and intrusive obsessions(unwanted thoughts or images that create anxiety) and/or compulsions(irresistible urges to engage in irrational, repetitive rituals to reduce anxiety).

(a)  

Disorders characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in emotion or mood are called _____ _______. These prolonged and disabling disruptions in emotional state come in two principal forms: major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.

(a)  

_____ ______ ______is marked by feelings of great sadness, despair, hopelessness, and loss of ability to experience pleasure.

(a)  

______ ______ is more than having “mood swings”–it is depression plus the problematic overly “up” mood called “mania.”Its two polar opposite moods are depression and mania.

(a)  

(a)   refers to a period of hyper-elevated mood in which the person is euphoric, giddy, easily irritated, talkative, hyperactive, distractible, impulsive, overly optimistic, and has facing thoughts and an inflated self-esteem perhaps with delusions of grandeur.

(a)   refer to false beliefs that are maintained even though they clearly are out of touch with reality (such as the belief that you are a tiger or that your private thoughts are broadcast to others), that cannot be changed despite strong evidence to the contrary, and are often culturally influenced in their content (e.g., delusions involving Jesus in Judeo-Christian cultures, delusions involving Allah in Muslim cultures).

Talking to someone with schizophrenia is sometimes difficult, as his/her speech may be difficult to follow, either because his/her answers do not clearly flow from your questions, or because one sentence does not logically follow from another.This is referred to as _______ ______, and it can be present even when the person is writing.

(a)  

A (a)   is a sensory perception in the absence of any external sensory stimulus (such as seeing or hearing things that are not there). Most often, hallucinations are auditory (hearing voices), and can involve one or more voices talking about the person, commenting on the person’s behavior, or giving them orders.

The expressing of emotions in people with schizophrenia is often inappropriate,such as laughing at the news of someone dying. Or they may not show any emotion at all (flat affect)or have difficulty reading the emotions of others. This is called ______ ____ ______ _______ ___ ______.

(a)  

People with schizophrenia may exhibit , which refers to a variety of behaviors that seem to reflect a reduction in responsiveness to the external environment. This can include holding unusual postures for long periods of time, failing to respond to verbal or motor prompts from another person, or excessive and seemingly purposeless motor activity(e.g., continually rub an arm, rockin a chair).

(a)  

______ _____refer to added behaviors, thoughts, or feelings that are present but should not be (i.e., hallucinations, delusions).

(a)  

The _____ ________ of schizophrenia are difficult for others to see. This pertain to a loss of or deficiency in thoughts and behaviors that are characteristic of normal functioning (i.e., amotivation, flat affect, reduced speech)-the absence of certain things we typically expect most people to have.

(a)  

When a collection of personality traits results in significant distress, social impairment, and/or occupational impairment, they are considered to be a ________ _______.

(a)  

_______ ______ ______: people with this disorder may be calculating, manipulative, untruthful, and irresponsible. Reflective of high antagonism (e.g., dishonest, manipulative, exploitative, callous, and merciless) and low conscientiousness (e.g., irresponsible, immoral, lax, hedonistic, and rash).

(a)  

______ ______ ______: people with this disorder exhibit a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation. Reflective of high introversion(e.g., socially withdrawn, passive, and cautious)and high neuroticism(e.g., self-consciousness, apprehensiveness, anxiousness, and worrisome).

(a)  

______ _____ _____: people with this disorder have difficulty controlling their emotions, may be prone to anger, self-destruction, and may fear abandonment.Reflective of high neuroticism(e.g., emotionally unstable, vulnerable, overwhelmed, rageful, depressive, and self-destructive).

(a)  

____ _____ _____: tend to be quick to react to anger, have a need to be held in high regard, can be authoritative, and seek recognition. Reflective of high neuroticism (e.g., reactive anger, reactive shame, and need for admiration), high extraversion (e.g., exhibitionism and authoritativeness), high antagonism (e.g., arrogance, entitlement, and lack of empathy), and high conscientiousness (e.g., acclaim-seeking).

(a)