Proposed that an “atom is most stable if its outer shell is either filled or contains eight electrons and it has no electrons of higher energy.”

Needed in forming bonds as well as breaking bonds.

An atom will give up, accept, or share electrons in order to achieve a filled outer shell or the outer shell that contains eight electrons.

Most stable elements.

Can achieve a stable state by losing a single electron from their valence shell to form cation.

Achieve a noble gas configuration by acquiring one atom to form anion.

Valentia means?

Valence Electrons can be found in?

Electrons in the outermost shell of representative element/noble-gas elements.

The chemical symbol represents the nucleus and all the non-valence electrons. Valence electrons are shown as dots.

Chemical bond from between atoms of dissimilar elements.

Chemical bond from between atoms of similar elements.

Solid at room temperature and have higher melting points.

An atom and ion, or two ions that have the same number and configuration of electrons.

Involve individual elements

Involve compounds

Ion formed from a single atom through loss or gain of electrons.

Ion formed from a group of atoms (held together by a covalent bond) through loss or gain of electrons.

Name this polyatomic atom: NO₃^-

Name this polyatomic atom: NO₂^-

Name this polyatomic atom: NH₄⁺

Name this polyatomic atom: N₃^-

Name this polyatomic atom: SO₄^2-

Name this polyatomic atom: HSO₄^-

Name this polyatomic atom: SO₃^2-

Name this polyatomic atom: HSO₃^-

Name this polyatomic atom: S₂O₃^2-

Name this polyatomic atom: PO₄^3-

Name this polyatomic atom: HPO₄^2-

Name this polyatomic atom: H₂PO₄^-

Name this polyatomic atom: PO₃^3-

Name this polyatomic atom: CO₃^2-

Name this polyatomic atom: HCO₃^-

Name this polyatomic atom: C₂O₄^2-

Name this polyatomic atom: C₂H₃O₂^-

Name this polyatomic atom: CN^-

Name this polyatomic atom: ClO₄^-

Name this polyatomic atom: ClO₃^-

Name this polyatomic atom: ClO₂^-

Name this polyatomic atom: ClO^-

Name this polyatomic atom: H₃O⁺

Name this polyatomic atom: OH^-

Name this polyatomic atom: MnO₄^-

Name this polyatomic atom: CrO₄^2-

Name this polyatomic atom: Cr₂O₇^2-

Other term for covalent compounds:

Pairs of valence electrons that are shared between atoms in a covalent bond.

Pairs of valence electrons on an atom that are not involved in electron sharing.

Covalent bond in which 2 atoms share 1 pair of electrons. A single line/dash is used to denote a single covalent bond.

Covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons. 2 lines/dashes to denote a double covalent bond.

Covalent bond in which 2 atoms share three pairs of electrons. A triple lines/dashes are used to denote a triple covalent bond.

A measure of relative attraction that an atom has for the shared electrons in a bond.

First chemist to develop a numerical scale of electronegativity.

A measure of the degree of inequality in the sharing of electrons between two atoms in a chemical bond.

Bonds with an electronegativity difference of 0.4-1.5. Uneven sharing of electrons between two nonmetals or metalloids.

Very similar electronegativities. Equal or nearly equal sharing of electrons between 2 nonmetals or metalloid atoms.

Elements with low ionization energy.

Electrons found in the inner shell and do not participate in the bonding.

Compounds with only 2 elements are present.

Ionic compound in which one element is a metal and the other element present is nonmetal.

A description of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within a molecule.

A collection of valence electrons present in a localized region about the central atom in a molecule.

Which element has the highest electronegativity?