Without a thorough understanding of _____, cosmetologists could damage hair, cause hair loss, and harm their clients and themselves.

What tough exterior layer of the hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?

Which layer of the hair is located directly beneath the cuticle layer and is responsible for the incredible strength and elasticity of human hair?

Which layer of hair Is the innermost layer of the hair, and most often called the pith or core of the hair?

The term pH is an abbreviation used for potential _____ and the symbol pH represents the quality of _____ ions in solution.

The _______ measures the acidity and alkalinity by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains.

The range of numbers used in the pH scale is ______

chemical hair texturizes temporarily raise the pH of the hair to an alkaline state in order to ________

In the restructuring process, coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is _______.

What are the basic building blocks of hair that affect how chemical solutions react?

Which compounds are made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen , and sulfur?

Which chemical bonds, also known as end bonds, join amino acids together, end to end in long chains, to form a poly peptide chain?

What are long, coiled polypeptide chains linked together end to end like beads?

The cortex of the hair is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds that are responsible for the elasticity and strength of the hair. These bonds are _________.

what chemical side bonds are formed when two sulfer - type chains are joined together?

Which bonds are relatively weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges, and are easily broken by charges in the pH?

hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges and are easily broken by water or heat, but reform as the hair is ________.

_________ is a two step process in which the hair first undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods, and then a chemical change by the applications of permanent waving solution and neautralizer

What determines the size of the curl in a permant waving process?

In permanent waving, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rode and the ______

Once in the cortex, the waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction called ________

In permanent waving, the reduction reaction is due to the addition of _________

What are the most common reducing agents used in permanent waving?

The ________ of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of the reducing agent, or this.

the active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent waves is _______

What is the second factor in the overall strength of the waving solution?

Alkaline waves, also known as _____ were developed in 1941.

Most alkaline permanent waves have pH between ______

What is the main active ingredient in true acid and acid- balanced waving lotion?

All acid waves have three component: permanent waving lotions, neutralizer, and _________

Most acid waves used in salons have a pH value between

Modern acid waves are actually ____ waves, which are permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH.

Exothermic waves create a chemical reaction that heats the waxing solution and speeds up _________

waves that are activated from an outside heat source, such as a conventional hood type hair dryer, are ____ waves.

__ waves are perms using an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonium a, so that there is very little odor associated with their use.

It is important for stylist to remember that ammonia free does not necessarily mean ______

What waving solutions use an ingredient other than ATG, such as cysteamine or Mercia-taming, as the primary reducing agent?

_______ waves are permanent solutions based on sulfates, considered very weak, and are usually marketed as body waves.

In permanent waving, most of the processing takes place a soon as the solution penetrates the hair, within the first _____

Hair that has too many broken disulfide bonds and will not hold a firm curl is considered ______

Overprocessed hair that is further processed will become ___ and cause further damage, including breakage.

The process that stops the action of permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair into its new form is called ____

What is the most common neautralizer?

what is the most common type of perm rod?

What perm rods are equal in diameter along their entire length or curling area?

what soft foam perm rods are usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod?

_______ also known as circle rods are usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod, and are secured by fastening the ends together to form a loop.

The _____ is a perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped, providing the most control over the hair ends.

The ______ uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the hair strand

The _______ uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope

All perm wraps begin by sectioning the hair into

In permanent waving, panels of hair are divided into smaller subsections called ______

_______ refers to the position of the rod in relation to to its base section and is determines by the angle at which the hair is wrapped.

Caution should be used with on base rod placement to avoid additional

______ minimizes stress and tension on the hair

The angle at which a permanent wave a rod is positioned on the head is refereed to as

The two methods of wrapping the hair around a perm rod are _______

In croquignole method of method of wrapping, the hair is wound from the ______ in overlapping concentric layers.

In a _______ the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod.

What is another name for the double rod wrap technique?

The ______ Also known as straight set wrap is a wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal sized bases.

Which wrap utilizes partings and bases throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head?

Base sections are off set from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of hair, in which wrapping pattern?

what is a very effective technique for blending between perm rods with opposite base directions using zigzag partings to divide base areas?

chemical services should not be performed if the scalp analysis shows any signs of

Hair that has been treated with a hydroxide relaxer is unfit for _______ and will not hold a curl.

______ often found in home hair coloring products leave a coating on the hair that may cause uneven curls severe discoloration, or hair breakage.

What is the process of rearranging the basic structure of curly hair into a straightener or smoother form?

_____ is the measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows

_____ combines the uses of a thio relaxer with flat ironing.

What is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers?

Hair that is treated with hydroxide relaxers must not be treated with _____

Hydroxide relaxer remove a sulfur atom from a disulfide bond, converting it into a _______

which relaxer contains only one component and is used without mixing?

Sodium hydroxide relaxers are commonly called ____

Which of the following are relaxers oftener marketed and sold as no mix- no lye relaxers?

Relaxers that contain two components and must be mixed immediately prior to use are ________

what is a hydroxide relaxer that does not require the application of a protective base?

The difference in the strength of the most chemical hair relaxers is determined by the concentration of ______

During a relaxer strand test, hair that is pressed to the scalp and continues to curl is __________

Which conditioner contains an acidic pH that restores the hair’s natural pH and should be used after a hydroxide relaxer?

Keratin straightening treatments work by ______ in a semi- permanent manner.

Combination of a thio relaxer and a thio permanent wrapped on a large rods is a ____

Where should you start the application of the chemical relaxer, often considered the most resistant area?