This is the smallest religion by devotees whose idols can be found at the Ellora Caves. This religion's abandoned temples include a complex found at Nagarparkar in southern Pakistan. This religion's holiday of Kshamavani is a day of forgiveness that occurs at the end of the Paryushana, which lasts 8 or 10 days depending on if one follows the Swetambara or Digambara sect. This religion venerates a set of 24 \ford-makers" called tirthankaras. Mahavira led a revival of, for the point, what Indian religion that espouses ahimsa, or non-violence?

(a)  

After a ship from this city, the Friendship, was attacked, Andrew Jackson called for the First Sumatran Expedition. This city's name came from the peaceful transition of power when Roger Conant was succeeded as leader of this city by John Endecott after the New and Old Planters agreed to cooperate. Judge John Hathorne presided over a series of trials by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in this city that

resulted in Giles Corey's death and were caused by the actions of people like Abigail Williams and Betty

Paris. For the point, name this Puritan Massachusetts city where a witch trial occurred.

(a)  

The death of Toghrul in the hands of the Naiman army ended the autonomy of the Keraites, an early

group of these people. One work about these people opens with the kidnapping of one figure's mother

named Hoelun and then chronicles that figure's familial feud with his brother Jamukha. Leaders of these

people were protected by the kheshig royal guards, whose creation was described in a secret history of

these people. The yassa law code provided a legal framework for, for the point, what group of nomadic

peoples unified by Genghis Khan?

(a)  

One leader during this conflict was killed by a corporal nicknamed \Chico Diabo." The Count

D'Eu briefly commanded forces during this conflict, in which Admiral Barroso won a major naval battle

which later allowed 8 steamers to run the gauntlet at Humaita Fortress. The losing side of the Battle of

Riachuelo in this conflict would lose their leader at the Battle of Cerro Cora as well as over 60 percent

of its male population. Francisco Solano Lopez led Paraguay into, for the point, what South American

conflict against Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay?

(a)  

This man, as Public Safety Director of Cleveland, controversially ordered the burning of its shanty towns in response to the Cleveland Torso Murderer. This man co-wrote a memoir with Oscar Farley which was named for a term coined by Charles Schwarz. George Johnson appointed this man to head a group dedicated to prosecuting criminals under the Volstead Act. This man's inability to be bribed by the Chicago Outt led him and his men to be labeled the \Untouchables." For the point, name this Prohibition-era crime fighter who helped bring down Al Capone.

(a)  

An invasion of this modern-day country was repelled by the forces of Raden Wijaya, who later founded an empire based in this country. That empire in this modern-day country reached its zenith under Hayam Wuruk and his Prime Minister Gajah Mada. An earlier empire in this modern-day country had its capital at Palembang and was known as the Srivijaya empire. The Majapahit empire was ruled from this

modern-day country's island of Java. For the point, name this country which contains the islands of Bali and Sumatra.

(a)  

A member of this family proposed the resolution officially declaring the United States' independence to the Second Continental Congress. George Washington gave command of federal troops in the Whiskey Rebellion to a member of this family. An estate owned by this family was transformed into the Arlington National Cemetery. A general from this family was forced to abandon Richmond in 1865 and days later surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House. For the point, name this Southern dynasty that included Virginians \Light Horse" Harry and Robert Edward.

(a)  

Henry Fourdrinier invented a namesake machine to industrialize making this product. Two prisoners

captured at the Battle of Talas were brought back to Samarkand to teach the creation of this product to

the Islamic world. After watching wasps, Cai Lun was inspired to make this product, which used rags,

hemp and mulberry. Song dynasty Jiaozhi and Huizhi money was the rst to be made of this material.

Unlike parchment or papyrus, this material is now usually made of wood pulp. For the point, name this

product on which books can be printed.

(a)  

In a 1961 massacre orchestrated by Maurice Papon, over 40 people from this country were driven off the Saint-Michel Bridge and drowned. One organization supporting continued colonial presence in this modern-day country used stroungas in terrorist bombings; that organization was the Secret Army Organization, or OAS. Technically considered as part of the metropole, this country was settled by 1 million Europeans known as pieds-noirs. This country's FLN won its independence in the Evian Accords.

For the point, name this North African former French colony.

(a)  

A Maoist insurgency led by this country's two dierent Communist parties resulted in a period of dramatic change called Krambhanga after the abolition of this country's monarchy in 2006. This country's Crown Prince Dipendra killed several of his family members and himself in 2002. This country supplies gurkha soldiers to the British Army, and this country's Sherpa people are part of its Buddhist minority. For the point, name this country on the Indian subcontinent where almost 9,000 people died in a 2015

earthquake in its capital of Kathmandu.

(a)  

During this election year's primaries, banning the Communist Party of the United States was the sole topic of the first presidential debate over radio. Andrew Biemiller proposed a civil rights plank to one party's platform during this election year which caused three dozen southern delegates to leave. Henry Wallace ran with the Progressive Party during this election year. A photograph shows the winner of this election year holding up a misprinted Chicago Daily Tribune claiming victory for Thomas Dewey. For the point, name this only presidential election won by Harry Truman.

(a)  

In a 2007 lm, Julia Roberts played Joanne Herring opposite this man, who played a US Congressman who strongly supported Operation Cyclone funding the mujahideen in Afghanistan. This star of Charlie Wilson's War, who also played Jim Lovell in Apollo 13, won consecutive Best Actor Oscars in 1993 and 1994 for Philadelphia and a lm in which he somehow personally experiences much of 20th century

American history. For the point, name this star of Saving Private Ryan and Forrest Gump.

(a)  

Chemical weapons were used in this country after Tito Minniti was allegedly tortured and mutilated by troops here. A leader of this country decried \death-dealing rain" in a speech opposed by Nicolae Titulescu. Emilio De Bono was replaced as military commander of one force invading this country by Pietro Badoglio. A leader of this country declared it is us today, it will be you tomorrow" in a 1936

speech to the League of Nations. For the point, name this country, where Italian troops invaded the homeland of Haile Selassie.

(a)  

A symphony by this composer imitates an invention of his friend Johann Maelzel, the metronome. Right after the JFK assassination, the Boston Symphony Orchestra stopped their program to play the second movement of this composer's third symphony, a C-minor funeral march. During the Second World War, a piece by this composer was used as the Allied sign for victory. That work by this composer begins with a motif that has been compared to fate knocking at the door. The European Union's anthem uses, for the point, which composer's setting of the poem \Ode to Joy"?

(a)  

A failed raid on Richmond Hill Prison occurred during this conflict while a separate attack on Fort Rupert was successful. Governor General Paul Scoon was rescued during this conflict, in which US Rangers led a successful attack on Point Salines. The presence of 600 medical students was used to justify this conflict, which began after the execution of Maurice Bishop and led to the overthrow of Hudson Austin's government. American action in this conflict was code-named Operation Urgent Fury. For the point, name this 1983 American invasion of a Caribbean island.

(a)  

During a 1919 strike in this industry, the US military seized Gary, Indiana and declared martial law. Secretary of Commerce Charles Sawyer was sued by a Youngstown-based company due to the President's response to a strike in this industry. In 1952, Harry Truman nationalized this industry hours before a strike was set to begin. Pinkerton agents attempted to break up a strike in this industry on the orders of Henry Clay Frick. The Homestead Strike was started by workers in, for the point, what industry

historically based out of Pittsburgh?

(a)  

A temple dedicated to Al-Uzza in this city is named for its Corinthian column capitals, which feature winged lions. This city's Wadi Musa was said to be the location where Moses made water spring up from rock. The most famous building in this city was constructed by King Aretas IV and can be accessed through a narrow gorge. This city's largest monument is dedicated to the defied king Obodas I and is El Deir, or the Monastery. The Siq leads to the Khazneh Treasury carved into red sandstone cli in, for the point, what capital of Nabatea that is located in Jordan?

(a)  

Wolf Breidenbach helped fight taxes that were imposed on these people. The Diploma Tax was created in response to the emigration of these people from the USSR, where their generally higher education led them to be visibly but falsely associated with Bolshevism. Maria Theresa taxed these people in Hungary with a tolerance tax, and in Imperial Russia, they were forced to live in the Pale of Settlement, where they resided in shtetls. For the point, name this religious group which often suffered pogroms and had to live in ghettoes.

(a)  

During this conflict, Wilhelm II requested Abdul Hamid II to stop Muslim troops from fighting. Those forces murdered Sugiyama Akira during this conflict and repelled the Seymour expedition. The Militia United in Righteousness fought alongside those forces, the Gansu Braves, in this conflict where their siege of the Legation Quarter was lifted by the Eight-Nation Army. For the point, what anti-colonial, anti-missionary conflict was supported by Empress Cixi and led by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists in Qing China?

(a)  

In the aftermath of this event, Captain Edward York was interned in Ashgabat and staged a successful escape into neighboring Iran. John Birch aided the survivors of this event who were the targets of the Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign. To prepare for this operation, auxiliary fuel tanks were installed on each participating aircraft because the B-25 bombers could not reach the required 750-mile range unaided. For the point, name this April 1942 mission launched from the USS Hornet, which aimed to deliver a first strike on the Japanese mainland.

(a)  

John Howard's conclusions in his work The State of [these institutions] were opposed by Elizabeth Fry, who worked to improve this institutions after visiting one at Newgate. Michel Foucault argued that these institutions evolved from public displays of torture as a more scientific way to regulate power and violence. Discipline and Punish is subtitled \the birth of" this institution, one of which was designed so that the constant threat of surveillance from a single watchman enforced discipline. The Panopticon is an

example of, for the point, what institution where criminals are locked up?

(a)