were crudely made with jagged edges and rough surfaces.

They are experts on plants and animals, they examine seeds and animal bones to learn about the diet of early people.

help archaeologists date artifacts by determining the age of nearby rocks

Often, the _______ goal is to determine the causes of a certain development or event, such as a war or an economic collapse.

Early Stone Age people hunted with __________.

The ______ is regarded by many as the single most important factor in the history of Egypt.

Historians have come to believe the Egyptian kingdom was divided into ____ major periods

The basic element in the history of Egyptian civilization is _____.

They are known as one of the most warlike people in history.

The _______ did not create an empire, but they left a world religion, Judaism, that influenced the later religions of Christianity and Islam.

The Torah is also known as the ________.

The Greek peninsula has ____ distinctive geographic features that influenced the development of Greek society.

They placed a heavy emphasis on the arts, architecture, and literature and built thousands of temples and statues.

They developed a militaristic society.

Boys lived away from their families in barracks until the age of ____

The differences between Athens and Sparta eventually led to war between the two city-states. Known as the

Athens and Sparta fought together against ______.

Romans vow to never be ruled by one man again, so they create a

Romans form the basic military unit: the legion, consisting of _____ men.

The Senate, fearful of Caesar’s power, demanded he ________.

He then established himself as the first Roman emperor.

Young men all over Rome gathered at the _____ to partake in such sports as foot racing, jumping, archery, wrestling, and boxing.

Free entertainment and free food that was used to keep the unemployed content was also called _________.

The most popular theory asserts that migrants came to the Americas via the land mass of the______.

The ______ civilization was the first Mesoamerican civilization

One of the many intriguing things about the _____ was their ability to build a great civilization in a tropical rainforest climate.

When the ______ saw an eagle perched on a cactus on the marshy land, they took it as a sign to build their settlement there and they drained the swampy land.

They were devoted to the many gods, including Huitzilopochtli (god of war and of the sun)

With the help of the Aztecs’ native rivals, his conquest, ended the Aztec civilization.

Cultural trends in the Middle Ages included decreases in population and trade. Population was especially on the ____ in more urban areas.

The Early Middle Ages has been nicknamed _______ .

Europe also returned to the feudal system during this time. This introduced the plow and the _____ field planting system.

The center of life in the Middle Ages was the________ .

In Medieval England, the _______ dominated everybody’s life

He claimed the right to try the clergy in royal courts.

The ________ portion of the Roman Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire

The ______ in 1917 was triggered by a combination of economic breakdown and war-weariness.

Much of Eastern Europe was invaded and occupied by the ____ .

Since the Great Schism of 1054, Europe has been divided between Roman Catholic and Protestant churches in the ____, and the Eastern Orthodox churches in the ______.

Because of a migration eastward, by 1500 a majority of European Jews resided in central and eastern regions, primarily______.

faith, Prayer, giving zakat, Fasting the pilgrimage to Makkah are the ______.

Immediately after Muhammad’s death Abu Bakr, became the first

the imposition of a ______ on all non-Muslims in conquered territories encouraged many to become converts.

The Shia evolved into one of the two major groups in Islam. The majority, called ______

This country has around 180 million Muslims (13 percent of the population). The make up the second largest Islamic population in the world.

Islam vastly increased its territory in the Near East and Africa. The central authority typical when the incorporating of new peoples was ____.

Africa is the ____ largest continent. It is divided in half almost equally by the _____.

The African rain forests plant community is very diverse, Only ___ percent of the plants in the African rain forest have been identified.

Africa Sleeping Sickness is a potentially fatal disease transmitted by the bite of

The _____ was very important to Egyptian civilization. It provided a communication and trade route.

It is the biggest river in Africa.

Where in Italy did the Italian Renaissance (rebirth) began?

It encouraged people to use experimentation and observation to __ problems .

He was a painter, architect, inventor, and student of all things scientific. He was the term “Renaissance man.”

His most notably works was his Sistine Chapel ceiling paintings

He is best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican.

Considered the greatest English-speaking writer in history and known as England’s national poet.

the Chinese crossed the waters of the Malay Archipelago to trade in the Spice Islands also called the

In 1492 Christopher Columbus sailed under the flag of_____, and in 1497 John Cabot sailed on behalf of _____

He was the first to bring spices from India to Europe by way of the Cape of Good Hope.

His group of men and ships were hailed as the first people to circumnavigate.

He took Montezuma hostage, his soldiers raided the city and he conquer the Aztecs.

He arrived with a small force of men in Peru, a country south of Mexico. They defeated the Inca people.

"The Founding Fathers adopted many of the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers in writing the

What momentous step did the Second Continental Congress take

It was the first Constitution of the United States

It was the first 10 amendments to the Constitution

Until the 1720s, England's population growth had been held in check by periodic ______ and by diseases.

The British Parliament was divided between the party of the

Napoleon sold France’s ______ Territory in North America to the newly independent United States for $15 million

Of Napoleon’s 600,000 troops who began the campaign, only an estimated 100,000 made it out of _______.

Napoleon, then in his mid-40s, was forced to abdicate the throne. His first exiled was to ______.

Napoleon returned to Paris and began what came to be known as his _______.

Napoleon was once again forced to exiled to

Before the French Revolution, the people of France were divided into social groups called "_____."

He developed the first inexpensive process for mass-producing steel

He constructed the first railway steam locomotive.

It became a powerful empire because it was the birthplace and leading force in the Industrial Revolution.

Hardships of the Industrial Revolution Machines in the Industrial revolution was hard on many _____.

Business leaders embraced this _______, or “hands-off,” approach. the main supporter of this type of economics was _______.

Advocating ______, or the idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” was what _____ believed.

In 1803, President ________ purchased the territory of Louisiana from the French government for $15 million.

He sent forces to Florida and later Spain would give Florida to the United States for 5 million dollars.

The election of ________ in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede from the Union.

The Civil War began in ______ and ended in Confederate surrender in ______.

The real causes of World War I included politics and secret ____.

The Triple Entente was formed between ________ in 1907

Italian ______ was the authoritarian political movement which ruled Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini.

The _______ established Hitler as a national figure, and (in the eyes of many) a hero of right-wing nationalism.

During Hitler’s period in prison, he began to dictate the book that would become Mein Kampf (“_____”).

The Nazis pledged to restore German cultural values and reverse the provisions of the Treaty of ______.

Passage of the ________deprived Jews of German citizenship, barred them from marrying or having relations with persons of “German or related blood” and took away their political and civil rights.

It was an exercise of terror that would be called “______,” where tens of thousands of Jews were sent to concentration camps.

In 1936 Hitler rearms the nation and sent troops into the demilitarized _______ bordering

German forces swept through Belgium and the Netherlands in what became known as “blitzkrieg,” or________.

The war in the Pacific began on______, when warplanes from Japan launched a surprise attack on the U.S. Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

The Nazi policy to murder the Jews of Europe was part of the ____.

On August 9, the first U.S. atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese coastal city of Nagasaki.

The “Truman Doctrine” was an effort to try to contain