Diabetes Mellitus- Type 1 (non-insulin dependant), Type 2 (insulin dependant)

Obesity is a risk factor for this type of diabetes and usually occurs in persons older than 40.

Oral surgery in a client with Diabetes Mellitus should be performed ___________ hours after the patient has eaten a normal breakfast and has taken regular anti-diabetes medication.

The oral complaints of pain and discomfort related to the tongue and other oral structures are related to diabetic

Contributing factors to gangrene in the extremities of diabetic patients include

The most common adverse effect of using insulin to treat type 1 diabetes is

Which of the following can interact with SULFONYLUREAS to produce a decrease in serum glucose level (which is not clinically significant unless the diabetic patient is especially brittle)

The first line of treatment for Type II diabetes is usually a __________ and or a biguanide.

Metformin (Glucophage) is the most common biguanide. An adverse reaction of metformin occurs primarily in the GI tract.

Treatment of hypoglycaemia includes intravenous dextrose if client is conscious.

Patients with diabetes are at an increased risk for caries.

According to the CDHO, Invasive dental care should not be provided when blood glucose levels are

Which of the following blood glucose readings will lead to dismissal of a client?

Also known as the MASTER gland

Anterior pituitary secretes

hCH is used in infertility to stimulate ovarian follicle development.

_________ stimulates pituitary function and is also used to treat infertility.

Synthetic oxytocin used via injection or intra orally to

Simple loiter is quite prevalent in some areas of the world because iodine is abundant in most foods.

Dental disorders exhibited by Cretins (hypothyroidism in small child) include

Pregnant women with hypothyroidism tend to give birth to offspring with SMALL teeth.

Common medications used to treat hypothyroidism include

Diffuse toxic goiter

Exophthalmos is a characteristic sign of

Epinephrine is relatively safe to administer to patients with hyperthyroidism.

Patients with hypothyroidism require higher than usual doses of sedatives, analgesics, and LA.

Drug of choice for patients over 21 with hyperthyroidism is Radioactive Iodine (1321).

The most common side effects of estrogen therapy are

____________ in estrogen and progestin levels are associated with gingivitis.

Dry socket is a common side effect in clients taking hormonal contraceptives. The risk can be minimized by timing the extraction to match the hormonal cycle.

Antibiotics may enhance the effectiveness of oral contraceptives.

Used for palliative treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

Used in dentistry topically or systemically for treatment of oral lesions associated with inflammatory disorders.

Adrenocortocosteroids are secreted by

Adrenocorticosteroids are divided into 2 major groups- glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids. The major glucocorticoid present in the body is cortisol.

Without stress, the normal adult secretes approx. 20mg of hydrocortisone daily.

The maximal secretion of cortisol occurs between __am and ___am in people with a normal sleep schedule.

A disease produced by a deficiency of adrenocorticosteroids.

A disease caused by EXCESS of adrenocorticosteroids.

Corticosteroids are palliative rather than curative.

Adrenocorticosteroids may mask symptoms of an infection.

Corticosteroids can increase intraocular pressure, which may exaberate glaucoma.

With a patient with dental phobia, there is risk for adrenal crisis due to a relative lack of corticosteroids during stress.

The most common oral corticosteroid.

Because steroids can delay wound healing, patients receiving long term oral steroids may require antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental appointments.

Patients currently taking _____mg of Hydrocortisone daily should be prescribed supplemental corticosteroids BEFORE a stressful dental procedure.

The dental paste form of betamethasone is mostly used to treat

During an allergic reaction, mast cells degranulate and histamine is released.

The predominant feature of anaphylaxis is

What is the drug of choice for anaphylaxis?

The most common side effect for antihistamines

Benadryl is suggested as an alternative agent to provide LA when a patient has exhibited ALLERGIES to the normally used anesthetic agents.

Anticholinergic effects lead to __________, which can cause numerous dental problems

Peripheral H1 Receptor agents cross the blood brain barrier.

Intranasal decongestants should not be used more than _______ consecutive days in order to avoid rebound congestion.

Psychiatric disorders include

First generation antipsychotic drugs are active against the ________ effects of psychosis, but have little effects on the ___________ effects.

Positive symptoms include

Patient who exhibit alternating periods of depression and excitation

Bipolar disorder is treated with

First generation agents are more commonly used vs second generation, because they have effects against the positive and negative effects associated with psychosis.

The lower the potency of antipsychotic, the more sedation, peripheral side effects, and autonomic effects.

Typically in women over 40, who have been taking LARGE doses of Phenothiazine for a minimum of 6mo-20 years. The onset is GRADUAL and symptoms are EXACERBATED on drug withdrawal.

Patients taking antipsychotic agents experiencing TMJ pain, should be counteracted by giving which type of drug?

Patients on first generation antipsychotics CANNOT take smoking cessation meds like BUPROPION (Zyban) due to an increased risk of

In the case of suicidal thoughts, which would work faster and is safer in a depressed patient?

An adverse reaction to Tricyclic antidepressants is SLUD.

Which of the following drugs carries a Black Box warning regarding its potential to cause life-threatening LIVER FAILURE

It is safe to give local anesthetic to clients taking tricyclic antidepressants.

Lithium is used more often than Valproate in the treatment of BIPOLAR due to its more tolerable side effects.

Generalized seizures include Absence (petit mal), Tonic-clonic (grand-mal, most common). Neither petit mal nor grand mal seizures is preceded by a true aura.

Drug of choice for status epilepticus

Anti epileptics are CNS depressants. Exact mechanism of action is unknown.

Anti epileptic agents have a _________ TI.

Idiosyncratic reactions such as Drug induced ___________, are an adverse reaction of anti epileptic drugs.

Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is used in dentistry in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. The dental team should observe the oral cavity for petechiae or signs of infections in patients taking this medication.

Persons with untreated CVD are at an increased risk for severe perio disease, insulin-dependant diabetes, atherosclerosis, and emboli production.

Which side of the heart typically fails first?

Left side heart failure, semi supine. Right side heart failure, supine.

Most common drug used for heart failure (also used for arrhythmias), and have a narrow therapeutic index.

In a normally functioning heart, the bundle of HIS receives its electrical input from the

Most commonly used fro ACUTE anginal episodes

Prophylactic nitrates should be given with an 8-12 hour "vacation" every day (often during sleep)

Nifedipine is associated with gingival enlargement and dysgeusia.

Hypotension is the most common cardiovascular disease.

Works by promoting excretion of sodium and water, which in turn lowers blood volume and pressure.

Most important dental drug interaction with thiazides is with

Primarily used to treat hypertension and edema, and example is Lasix

Suffix of ACEIs

ACEIs retard the progression of diabetic nephropathy whether hypertension is present or not.

ACEIs are safe to administer to pregnant women

Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) suffix

CCBs suffix (Calcium Channel Blockers)

Mechanism of calcium channel blockers

NSAIDS are safe to use with calcium channel blockers

Propranolol blocks both B1 & B2 receptors, which can worsen ___________

_________ works by inhibiting the secretion of very low density lipoproteins without accumulation of triglycerides in the liver

Warfarin antagonizes vitamin

Most dental procedures require a change in the dose of warfarin