Which seventeenth-century European philosopher believed that some ideas are innate?

Professor McClure believes that young children are frequently able to make morally correct decisions because humans are endowed with an inborn knowledge of basic ethical principles. The professor's belief is most consistent with the views of

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of

William James was a prominent American

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images.

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of

The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and

Plato's assumption that certain ideas are inborn is most directly relevant to the controversy regarding

Psychologists' personal values and goals

The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around the

Which of the following events is the most probable?

Approximately what percentage of the cases represented by the normal curve fall between –1 and +1 standard deviations from the mean?

Statistical reasoning can help us to generalize correctly from a

The standard deviation is the square root of the average squared deviation of scores from the

Median is to range as central tendency is to ________.

A lopsided distribution of scores in which the mean is much larger than both the mode and median is said to be

Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population.

Professor Smith told one class that drinking alcohol has been found to increase sexual desire. He informed another class that drinking alcohol has been found to reduce sexual appetite. The fact that neither class was surprised by the information they received best illustrates the power of

On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracy

By testing their predictions with the observational method of science, psychologists are using a(n)

The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testable

Which technique involves repeating the essence of an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?

University of Texas students were fitted with belt-worn tape recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researchers employed a scientific method known as

People often fail to make accurate generalizations because they are unduly influenced by ________ cases.

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

If the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of children is +0.85, this would indicate that

Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?

Phrenology highlighted the presumed functions of

An axon is

In transmitting sensory information to the brain, an electrical signal travels from the ________ of a single neuron.

A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the

An action potential is generated by the movement of

Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is

José has just played a long, bruising football game but feels little fatigue or discomfort. His lack of pain is most likely caused by the release of

Endorphin agonists are likely to _______ one's immediate pain, and endorphin antagonists are likely to _______ one's immediate pain.

Messages are transmitted from your spinal cord to muscles in your hands by the ________ nervous system.

The vast majority of neurons in the body's nervous system are

An accelerated heartbeat is to a slowed heartbeat as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system.

The strengthening of synaptic connections facilitates the formation of

Hormones, the chemical messengers of the endocrine system, travel through the bloodstream to affect other

The master gland of the endocrine system is the

To identify which of Lucy's brain areas was most active when she talked, neuroscientists gave her a temporarily radioactive form of glucose and a(n)

The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is

Information from higher brain regions is transmitted to the medulla through the

A brain tumor caused extensive damage to Mr. Thorndike's hypothalamus. It is most likely that he may suffer a loss of

Which lobes of the brain receive the input that enables you to feel someone scratching your back?

A behavior geneticist would be most interested in studying hereditary influences on

Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

Chromosomes are contained within

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a

Individualism is to collectivism as ________ is to ________.

As people progress through adulthood, women become

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

We are likely to ________ the personality similarities among children in the same family, and we are likely to ________ the personality similarities between parents and their children.

Difficult babies with an intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be

In a study of Welsh pedestrians, women rated a man as ________ if he was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car. Men rated a woman as ________ if she was pictured at the wheel of an expensive rather than an inexpensive car.

Critics of evolutionary psychology are most likely to suggest that it underestimates the

Cultural diversity best illustrates our

Gender differences in heritable personality traits cannot necessarily be attributed to male-female genetic differences because

An organic methyl molecule attached to part of a DNA strand has been identified as a(n)

The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as

A random error in gene replication is known as a

Premature infants who are regularly touched and massaged are more likely than their unstimulated counterparts to show signs of

Since 1960, most Western cultures have changed with remarkable speed. The LEAST likely explanation for these variations involves changes in

One of the three major concerns of developmental psychology involves a focus on

As compared with the production of egg cells, sperm cell production

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n)

The heart begins to beat during the ________ period of prenatal development.

Alcohol may cause fetal damage by leaving chemical marks on DNA that switch genes abnormally on or off. This best illustrates

Maturation refers to

From ages 3 to 6, the brain's neural networks are sprouting most rapidly in the

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

During which of Piaget's stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

Preschoolers' acquisition of a theory of mind suggests that Piaget overestimated young children's

Children with high levels of prenatal testosterone develop more

Little Karen will approach and play with unfamiliar animals only if her mother first reassures her that it is safe to do so. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

Which of the following is an example of imprinting?

Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

Harlow observed that most monkeys raised in total isolation

Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be

Critics have noted that Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning is culturally limited, appearing mostly among people who prize individualism.

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt has described our moral intuitions as

Erikson would have suggested that adolescents can most effectively develop a sense of identity by

Sensory receptors in your vestibular sacs enable you to maintain your sense of

Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the

Information from the taste buds travels to an area of the

Our sense of taste was once thought to involve only the following four sensations

Place theory suggests that

Damage to the oval window is most likely to result in

Cones and rods are to vision as ________ are to audition.

Eardrum vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the

An 80-decibel sound is ________ times more intense than a 60-decibel sound

The absolute threshold for hearing is arbitrarily defined as zero

Brightness is to light as ________ is to sound.

The high notes on a piano always produce ________ sound waves than the low notes.

An area of the brain dedicated to the specialized task of recognizing faces is located in the right ________ lobe.

The fovea refers to

The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel consist of

Which process allows more light to reach the periphery of the retina?

If a partially deaf person's hearing ability ________, his or her absolute threshold for sound ________.

Which of the following represents the very first of three steps basic to all sensory systems?

Hearing a sequence of sounds of different pitches is to ________ as recognizing the sound sequence as a familiar melody is to ________.

Sensation is to ________ as perception is to ________.

Priming refers to the activation of certain

A perceptual set is a

Visual perceptions of objects often change when the objects are viewed in different surroundings. This best illustrates

The horizon Moon appears to shrink in size if it is viewed through a narrow tube that eliminates the perception of distance cues. This best illustrates the importance of

Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates

Our shifting perceptions of a Necker cube best illustrate the importance of

Carmella, Jorge, and Gail were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, so Ruth perceived that they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates the organizational principle of

Although a few keys on the piano were broken, Shana mentally filled in the missing notes of the familiar melodies. This best illustrates the principle of

Relative height is a cue involving our perception of objects higher in our field of vision as

If two objects are assumed to be the same size, the object that casts the smaller retinal image is perceived to be

The phi phenomenon refers to

The amount of light reflected by an object relative to the amount reflected by surrounding objects is called

The philosopher John Locke believed that people

If an adult who was blind from birth gains the ability to see, that person would have the greatest difficulty visually distinguishing

Research with distorting goggles best supports the view of human perception advanced by

Jamal claims that his special psychic powers enable him to perceive exactly where the body of a recent murder victim is secretly buried. Jamal is claiming to possess the power of

The greatest difficulty facing contemporary parapsychology is the

Mr. Logwood's eyewitness perceptions of a car accident were influenced by his inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences, his learned schemas, and by other eyewitnesses' reactions to the car accident. An integrated understanding of Mr. Logwood's perceptions of the accident is most clearly provided by

Near-death experiences are

Unlike alcohol, the THC in marijuana

Reduced immune system functioning is most likely to accompany long-term repeated use of

After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of

Cocaine is classified as a(n)

Amphetamines are to ________ as barbiturates are to ________.

The use of barbiturates ________ anxiety and ________ nervous system activity.

Smokers with ________ levels of nicotine tolerance are likely to suffer the most severe withdrawal symptoms when they discontinue smoking.

Drug use is considered a disorder when a person

A split in consciousness in which some thoughts occur simultaneously with and yet separately from other thoughts is called

Hypnosis involves a state of

REM rebound involves the

Which theory emphasizes that dreams play a role in consolidating the day's experiences in our memories?

Compared with unconscious information processing, conscious information processing is relatively

Most college students are “owls,” with performance ________ across the day. Most older adults are “larks,” with performance ________ as the day progresses.

Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of

Hypnagogic sensations are most closely associated with ________ sleep.

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during NREM-2 sleep are called

Production of the human growth hormone necessary for muscle development is most strongly associated with

Conditioning is the process of

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

In classical conditioning, the NS becomes a ________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

Compared with nonabused children, those who have experienced a history of abuse show a stronger brain-wave response to an unfamiliar but angry-looking face. This best illustrates

The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________.

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

Every Saturday morning, Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n)

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

A response is learned most rapidly and is most resistant to extinction if it is acquired under conditions of

Administering an aversive stimulus following an operant response is

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to

Socially responsive toddlers who readily imitate their parents tend to become preschoolers with a strong internalized conscience. This best illustrates the impact of

Five-year-olds copy senseless and irrelevant adult actions such as stroking a plastic jar with a feather before reaching inside the jar for a toy. This best illustrates

Acquiring new habits best illustrates the process of

After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates

The “psychic secretions” that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

The retention of encoded information over time refers to

The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

Storage is to encoding as ________ is to ________.

The original Atkinson-Schiffrin three-stage information-processing model introduced distinctions among

Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.

When Sperling visually displayed three rows of three letters each for only one-twentieth of a second, research participants

In Alan Baddeley's model of working memory, the hypothetical central executive engages in

Remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates ________ memory.

For a moment after hearing his dog's high-pitched bark, Mr. Silvers has a vivid auditory impression of the dog's yelp. His experience most clearly illustrates ________ memory.

The use of mnemonics such as the peg-word system illustrates

When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of

Chunking refers to

Ebbinghaus found that memorizing familiar words required much less effort than memorizing nonsense syllables. This best illustrates the advantage of

Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia?

Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned verbal information. Damage to the ________ is most likely to interfere with explicit memories of newly learned visual designs.

Research by Kandel and Schwartz on sea slugs indicates that memory formation is associated with the

The neurotransmitter glutamate ________ LTP and the protein CREB ________ LTP.

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a _____ effect than is their later recall of the items.

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is a(n)

People are likely to take less time to recognize a woman as a nurse than a man as a nurse because a woman more closely resembles their nurse

After spending two hours trying to solve an engineering problem, Amira finally gave up. As she was trying to fall asleep that night, a solution to the problem popped into her head. Amira's experience best illustrates

During prior school years, Charlie found it easy to get away with cheating on his tests. Now its not so easy so Charlie spends as many hours devising new ways to cheat as it would take him to study and perform well in an honest fashion. Charlie's shortsightedness best illustrates the consequences of

We fear too little those events that will claim lives

In writing survey questions, political pollsters who want to gather evidence of people's support for particular viewpoints are especially likely to understand the impact of

Language refers to the

In the words “helped” and “called,” the “ed” ending is a(n)

Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12- month-old's developing capacity for

Noam Chomsky suggested that all human languages share a(n)

The part of the cerebral cortex that directs the muscle movements involved in speech is known as

Human language appears to have evolved from

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that

Bilingual people, who inhibit one language while using the other, can better inhibit their attention to irrelevant information. This has been called

People's procedural memory of how to open the front door of their house is most likely to consist of

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

People are likely to detect male prejudice against females ________ easily than they detect female prejudice against males. They are likely to detect younger people's prejudice against older people ________ easily than they detect older people's prejudice against younger people