This model represents a complex cell. This cell belongs to a mammal, contains numerous membrane bound organelles, and has DNA bound in a nucleus.

_________ cells are short-lived, numerous cells. Their genetic material is not contained within a nucleus and they are the simplest, smallest, and oldest of all cells.

Which type of cell is pictured in the diagram?

This structure is center of a cell's nucleus, the portion where DNA is most directly stored, and the site where ribosomes are created.

The endosymbiotic theory of cellular evolution establishes that eukaryotic cells evolved when:

This diagram models the general structure of a virus. What are the two general structures of a virus (select all that apply)?

Which macromolecule of repeating structures is depicted in the diagram?

This virus cycle infects the cell, assembles new viruses and causes the cell to burst and release more viruses.

What is being represented by the letter C in the image?

Why is the pigment in photosynthesizers, chlorophyll, green?

The transport of molecules across concentration gradients and cellular membranes is described as cellular transport. Which form of cellular transport is depicted in the diagram?

Which statement best explains why enzymes are specific to the reactions they catalyze?

What would most likely happen to the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction if the temperature is increased beyond the enzyme's optimal range?

The process illustrated in the figure is called (hint - water is being added and its split hydrogens are taking up the open bonds) :

When a cell forms a vesicle around unwanted particles and expels it OUT of the cell.

Which statement best describes a gene?

Where in a cell is RNA translated into proteins?

In the diagram an original DNA strand is replicated and one original strand is kept, while a copy is added to each duplicate.

This image shows that DNA Replication is _______.

Which process, from the creation of DNA to a protein, is shown in the diagram?

What is the name for the overall direction in which the majority of molecules move in a given space?

What is the name of the structure formed when both the substrate and enzyme are bound together?

Catalase is an enzyme that speeds up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. The results of two experiments on catalase function are summarized in the graphs. Which pH and temperature combination provides the best conditions for catalase to function?

Which of the following best describes the role of an enzyme in a biochemical reaction?

Use the information in the image to select the statement that BEST describes whether lactase can help break down sucrose into glucose and fructose.

Multiple cellular processes are depicted in the given diagram. Among them is protein excretion, which begins all the way in the nucleus with mRNA transcription and ends with the delivery of proteins to extracellular locations.

What is the name of the final step of this process?

Mr. Patton likes this GIF and wanted to use it again.

Photosynthesis cannot produce its vital products without key reactants. Which factors might affect the production of photosynthesis?

Which two molecules are the main products of photosynthesis?

The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis could not function without redox reactions. When an electron is removed from a molecule to be transferred to another, the molecule losing the electron is ________.

Which form of cellular transport requires ATP as an energy source to move molecules against the concentration gradient?

Autotrophic organisms rely on processes like photosynthesis to create their own energy, while heterotrophic organisms need to consume energy.

Based on what you have learned in this course, how would you classify mangrove trees?

Plants produce numerous pigments, each intended to capture particular wavelengths of light. The most essential pigments for a plant are:

Which structure within the chloroplast is represented by the space between structures identified by (4), where the Calvin Cycle takes place?

Electric eels are a species of amazonian fish capable of using specialized organs to build up electrical potential of up to 860 volts, enough to potentially kill an adult human.

Through what fundamental process do these eels achieve this incredible deterrence to predators like caiman and jaguars?

True or False: eukaryotic cells cannot be single celled organisms.

4.A

A prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell are shown. Which characteristic best distinguishes these cells as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

_________ cells are short-lived, numerous cells. Their genetic material is not contained within a nucleus and they are the simplest, smallest, and oldest of all cells.

Select which biomolecule makes up the bilayer of a cell membrane.

This model represents a complex cell. This cell belongs to a mammal, contains numerous membrane bound organelles, and has DNA bound in a nucleus.

The endosymbiotic theory of cellular evolution establishes that eukaryotic cells evolved when:

Which step in the process of converting nucleic acids into proteins is shown in the diagram?

The following nucleotide sequence is being used to replicate a new strand of DNA:

3' ACG TTC CTC AAG 5'

When nucleotides are ordered into a copied strand by DNA polymerase, what will its sequence be?

The path from DNA to a protein is one of the fundamental processes of biology. In the diagram to the left, the three major steps in this process are shown.

In the translation step what is the most accurate description of what is happening?

The table shown displays the relationship between codons (triplets of nucleotides) and the amino acids (peptides) which they make.

If the mRNA codon is AUG, what amino acid be added to the growing polypeptide?

The process of turning RNA into a protein is depicted in the diagram. As the protein chain is being created, what synonym can be used for the amino acid chain being formed?

Which statement best describes a genome?

A peacock jumping spider, Maratus volans, sustains an injury while hunting prey and needs to create new cells to help repair the damage to its carapace (exoskeleton).

What is the most accurate description for the cellular process which will repair this damage?

What is the correct order for the steps of mitosis?

Which is the most accurate biological description of the group of cellular diseases known as cancer?

Which step of cell division is displayed in the diagram?

Which step of mitosis is being displayed in the dividing plant cell shown?

Where in a cell is DNA replicated during cell division?

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell go into a resting state and stop actively dividing?

What role might the loss of telomeres in eukaryotic cells play as they age in multicellular organisms?

What role do the phosphate and sugar play in the structure of DNA?

Accurately summarize the function of the enzyme ligase:

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking the hydrogen bonds which hold the strands of the original DNA helix together?

The following gene is isolated from a genome: 5' TCC GAC TTA 3'.

When this gene is replicated, what will be its matching sequence?

Which enzyme is responsible for relaxing supercoiling in front of the replication fork?

DNA polymerase carries out what function in the DNA replication?

What is the correct relationship between DNA and the biomolecules it is read to produce?

This is also known as the central dogma of biology.

When DNA is replicated, at which part of its molecular structure does it break?

What are the essential products created by the processes of the mitochondria?

Which of these is the correct order for the relationship of energy transfer in organisms?

The chemical equation for cellular respiration is shown in the diagram. If a cell were to catabolize 3 molecules of glucose, how many molecules of carbon dioxide would be produced?

Which of the following is an accurate summary of cellular respiration?

What are the products of the cellular processes in these organelles?

What is an accurate descriptor of the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Many species of plants from arid environments use a specialized process called CAM (crassulacean acid metabolism) photosynthesis. In the blistering heat of deserts, this allows cacti to store energy from sunlight in a long acid chain during the day.

Energy can be broken off of these acids and combined with CO₂ in the cool of night, without losing valuable water vapor in gas exchange during the heat of the day. What is the reactant which these plants are trying to conserve, using CAM photosynthesis?

Chloroplasts are the organelle sites of photosynthesis in all autotrophic organisms.

Which factor does not control how much glucose a chloroplast can produce via photosynthesis?

Which answer best describes the effect of this enzyme on the substrate which it is catalyzing?

Which two molecules are the reactants of photosynthesis?

What is the fundamental process by which the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis gain energy?

Chlorophyll is green because...

A Saharan silver ant is stranded from its colony and spends too long in the blistering sun. The intense heat begins to denature an enzyme in its stomach essential for digesting the rigid tissues of other insects.

The ant finds its way back to the colony, but all of the digestive enzymes in its stomach remain denatured. What is most likely to happen to the ant?

The thylakoid within the chloroplast serves what summarized purpose?

In this fundamental equation of photosynthesis, what is the energy storing molecule being produced?

How are oxidation and reduction reactions coupled in photosynthetic reactions?

Which statement BEST describes how viruses harm cells and cause diseases?

True or False: viruses need other cells to reproduce

Which type of cell is pictured in the diagram?

What cellular structure do eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses all have in common?

What are the four major biomolecules?

Damage to a cell's membrane requires that structural proteins be synthesized to repair the site of injury. In response to this need, the cell uses _______ to carry instructions for creating the new protein to a ribosome.

Is the depicted biological reaction catabolic or anabolic?

The following gene is isolated from a genome: 3' ACG TAC GGC 5'.

When this gene is replicated, what will be its matching sequence?

What is an accurate summary of the function of telomeres?

This repeating structure is the monomer of all nucleic acids, including DNA. What is it called?

Accurately summarize the function of the enzyme ligase:

Which is the most accurate definition of a mutagen?

In the DNA sequence mutation depicted, what classification of mutation is most accurate, and why?

The displayed change from an original to a mutated DNA sequence is an example of what form of mutation?

What is the fundamental biological concept of mutations, describing all mutations which we observe in nature?

Which form of point mutation is depicted in the mutation of the DNA sequence depicted?

What is an accurate summary of the function of telomeres?

The California Kingsnake belongs to a group of snakes which specializes in predating other serpents. The key adaptation to this lifestrategy is that kingsnakes constrict with more force and more quickly than other snakes.

The first ancestor of kingsnakes to randomly develop different muscles inherited an example of what form of mutation?

If a point mutation does not change the order of the amino acid sequence, this is called what kind of mutation?

Which of the following scenarios describes a mutagen?

What type of mutation is depicted in the diagram demonstrated, where a single nucleotide is substituted?

Some hibiscus flowers have a chimera mutation which expresses as petals with two different colors.

If this discoloration does not affect the survival of the flower, what type of mutation is this?

Tim the blue crawfish has returned. Tim has a mutation which makes him bright blue, where he stands out in the clear, highly visible pond where he lives.

What category of mutation does Tim's coloration belong to?

When DNA is replicated, at which part of its molecular structure does it break?

What is the correct order for the steps of mitosis?

Which step of cell division is displayed in the diagram?

Which step of mitosis is being displayed in the dividing plant cell shown?

DNA polymerase carries out what function in the DNA replication?

What is the correct relationship between DNA and the molecules which it produces?

A peacock jumping spider, Maratus volans, sustains an injury while hunting prey and needs to create new cells to help repair the damage to its carapace (exoskeleton).

What is the most accurate description for the cellular process which will repair this damage?

A single gene is synthetically replicated through PCR. The process is stopped after three polymerase chain reactions.

At the point at which the PCR is halted, how many genes are in the buffer (including the original gene sequence)?

What is the correct order for the steps of PCR?

What is the purpose of the buffer in the PCR process?

What are the stages of mitosis in order?

The exchange of chromosome segments between sister chromatids is called ________. This process helps create genetic diversity, promoting the possibility for useful adaptation.

The attached diagram shows pairs of homologous chromosomes, with mixed genes, lined up in the equatorial plane of a cell.

What step of which phase of cell division in being illustrated in this diagram?

Taq polymerase is the enzyme used in PCR to order nucleotides along a strand of DNA, replicating the strand.

Why do we use Taq polymerase, specifically?

In the annealing step of PCR, a primer is attached to a DNA strand. Select TWO answer choices below to answer each of the following questions:

1. What is the purpose of the primer in the Annealing step?

2. 2. How are DNA strands separated in PCR?

Taq polymerase is the enzyme used in PCR to order nucleotides along a strand of DNA, replicating the strand.

Why do we use Taq polymerase, specifically?

The attached diagram depicts homologous chromosomes, with mixed genes, being pulled apart to opposite poles of a cell.

What step of which phase of cell division is shown?

What are the stages of each round of cell division in meiosis, including cytokinesis?

In the diagram illustrated, pairs homologous chromosomes are aligned in the middle of the cell. What phase of meiosis is depicted?

The diagram shows homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Which of the following correctly describes the process being illustrated?

California Redwood trees, Sequoia sempervirens, is the largest singular organism in the world, reaching heights of 300 ft.

Its haploid gametes have 3 chromosomes, thus when its zygotes are formed, how many chromosomes will their diploid cells have?

The attached diagram shows pairs of homologous chromosomes, with mixed genes, lined up in the equatorial plane of a cell.

What step of which phase of cell division in being illustrated in this diagram?

A heterozygous long-tusked African elephant is crossed with a homozygous recessive short-tusked elephant.

What is the probability of the offspring having short tusks?

In a cross between two heterozygous parents, what is the probability of heterozygous offspring?

Sheep have iconically white wool, a dominant trait. However, sheep can have black wool, though it is an uncommon and recessive trait.

If two heterozygous sheep mate, what are the odds that their offspring will have black wool?

Why is it so important for the health of small, isolated populations that inbreeding be avoided?

The mating season has begun and a male moose's body begins to change in preparation. Hormones are sent from the moose's pituitary glands, telling its body to begin changing.

The moose's neck adds more than 30 pounds of muscle, it grows powerful antlers, and the hormone testosterone increases its aggression toward other males.

Which body system is primarily being utilized here?

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the organization of life, if the arrows (-->) indicate increasing levels of complexity?

A Mexican free tail bat hunts small insects in the dark by echolocating, the process of emitting high pitched calls and listening closely for how they come back to determine where objects are.

Which body system is being utilized as the bat perceives the sounds of the returning frequencies and calculates their position?

All life on earth is related through common ancestors, and all organisms have speciated into different groups.

Which kingdom contains the majority of species on earth?

A grasshopper wants to move on to another source of food, and so sends an electrical signal to its legs. There the electrical charge is conducted across membranes by ion potentials, until it reaches the muscles along the grasshopper's femur.

There the electrical charge shifts the ions in the calcium channels, contracting the myofibrils, extending the leg, and allowing the grasshopper to jump. Which body systems were used (select two correct answers) in this biological interaction?

Which of the following are accurate characteristics of animals?

Which of the following describe an interaction between the endocrine and circulatory systems, supporting the survival of bluefin tuna?

Which two systems are most directly involved when a comb jellyfish feeds on other jellyfish species, extracts nutrients from their prey, and eliminates waste?

A japanese rhinoceros beetle living in a lush forest is home to an entire community of mites, who parasitize their large host.

The mites introduce bacteria into beetles system, which releases phagocyte cells to try and destroy the intrusive prokaryotes. Which body system is being utilized by the beetle?

Which three body systems most directly allow fish to swim?

When the body needs to communicate messages calling for lasting biological change, the _________ system sends chemical messengers, while the ___________ system carries these messengers to different parts of the body.

Select both correct answers.

Portia jumping spiders are a genus of Salticidae spiders specialized in hunting other spiders. While their prey could be deadly to them, Portia overcome their formidable prey with superior intelligence.

Which of the following is an example of a Portia jumping spider using its highly adapted nervous system to hunt. Choose two answers.

Many species of biting flies parasitize large mammals, causing blood loss and transmitting disease. Horses have developed physical behaviors to repel these parasites, such as ear twitching, stomping, and tail swishing.

Which of the following best describes these interactions between body systems, which allow horses to repel flies with the above behaviors?

How do other body systems interact with the endocrine system to regulate body processes?

Select two correct answers.

All animal brains are in constant need of oxygen and animals die within minutes without this constant supply.

Which system is thus in charge of ensuring that the nervous system has the nutrients which it needs to keep animals alive?

Biological waste eliminated by the excretory system can best be described as what?

The pituitary gland is a small section of many animal's brains which controls the long term growth and regulation of many other hormone releasing glands and organs.

This gland is often considered the primary organ of which body system?

Which of the following describes the interactions between body systems which allow terrestrial, vertebrate animals to perform a breath through lungs?

Invertebrates who have external structures which provide structure and which protect inner body environment for homeostasis have combined which two systems?

Which of the following would be an example of an internal stimulus being sensed by the nervous system?

Gharials are a species of asian crocodilian which specialize in hunting freshwater fish. While they have effective eyesight, they often hunt fish in muddy waters and, like many crocodilians snap quickly at objects which touch their snouts.

Which systems allow for this hunting strategy?

Which body system is most directly in charge of the gradual developments which lead animals through various life stages, such as those which support reproduction?

The noses of terrestrial mammals produce mucus along the inner nostril to protect the passage into the throat and lungs from infectious microbes and foreign substances.

This mucus is produced by what body system?

While the hard, calcified outer structure of bones is dead tissue, the inner marrow of bones is actually alive. This soft inner tissue performs many vital biological functions in vertebrates, including the production of blood cells, and antipathogenic cells (such as lymphocytes and white blood cells).

In which three body systems is bone marrow involved?

Which of the below options is an accurate definition of a hormone?

Which of the following is a method by which the body defends itself against pathogens?

Snakes often prey upon species larger than their own diameter or mouth gape. The lower mandible bones of snakes are connected together and to the rest of their skulls by flexible ligaments and their skin is much more elastic than or own.

Which two body systems are most directly connected to the snake's ability to swallow large prey?

Pictured to the left is an organelle near the nucleus, which synthesizes lipids and hormones. This structure also helps to detoxify cellular waste.

What is the name of this structure?

This organelle is double membraned, contains its own genetic information, and is the site of cellular respiration.

What is the name and function of this organelle?

What are the three main functions of proteins?

Which of the following controls the process of cell differentiation?

The drug PAT-833 induces apoptosis in cancer cells by forcing them to bypass the G2 checkpoint and immediately continue cell division.

Which phase of the cell cycle does the drug force the cancer cells prematurely into?

What is the significance of crossing over in the replicative process of meiosis?

What biological process is being illustrated in the attached diagram?

A helical diagram of DNA is displayed. What does the order of the nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) determine?

Based on the diagram of a viral process, how do viruses cause disease?

How does the interphase of the cell cycle contribute to the growth of organisms?

A student creates a chart comparing the transfer of energy in photosynthesis and respiration.

Mark the correct energy sources for each process (there are two correct answers).

Within the gene which encodes for the hemoglobin protein, glutamic acid is sometimes replaced with valine.

Based on the diagram, what mutation occurs at this point on the hemoglobin gene?

Modern cats can trace their ancestry to wild cats of the desert, whose bodies evolved with efficient water conservation adaptations, like filtering concentrated urine from their kidneys and reabsorbing water.

Domestic cats still need diets of moisture rich food, because of this heritage. Which two body systems are maintaining this homeostasis in domestic cats?

Which pair of statements best contrasts nucleic acids found in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?