The heart has 3 surfaces, which of the following is the correct match:

The normal position of the apex is at the level of the:

The lower border of the heart consists of:

In pericarditis, pericardial fluid accumulates, compressing the heart, causing cardiac tamponade. One important finding during the physical examination is the presence of PERICARDIAL FRICTION RUB. In managing these patients, paracentesis is done. How should the needle be introduced in paracentesis?

This structure of the right ventricle connects the papillary muscles to the cusps of the tricuspid valve.

Most of the blood from the heart drains into the right atrium directly through:

In ischemia, T wave inversion in this leads represent the high lateral wall:

In an electrocardiogram, the presence of saw-tooth appearance in P-waves indicates:

Cardiac output is a function of:

This method of measuring the blood pressure measures only the systolic pressure:

What is the mean arterial pressure of a patient with a BP reading of 140/80 mmHg

In atherosclerosis, critical stenosis is the stage at which the occlusion is sufficiently severe to produce tissue ischemia. In coronary circulation, this occurs when there is _____% decrease in luminal corss-sectional area

This cardiac enzyme is considered as the "gold standard" for MI:

This cardiac enzyme is said to be 100% cardiospecific:

As part of the management for ACS, chest pain must be relieved. These drugs lead to systemic venodilation with reduction in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and pressure.

In administering nitrates, what is the most effective route for acute relief of angina?

The pathophysiology of ACS involves increased platelet aggregation. This drug inhibits platelet aggregation by reducing the production of thromboxane A2 by inhibiting platelet cyclooxygenase (COX):

Anti-integrin agents are directed against platelet integrin GPIIb/IIIa, which is the final effector pathway of platelet aggregation. Which of the following is an example of this agent?

Heparin, which is an anticoagulant, may also reduce the symptoms and prevent infarction in unstable angina. Among the anticoagulants, which has the best efficacy-safety profile?

The most common cause of hypertension is:

According to the AHA guidelines, a patient with a blood pressure of 130/70 is classified as:

According to the AHA guidelines, a patient with a blood pressure of 120/80 is classified as:

What is the blood pressure goal of a 60-year old hypertensive with no other comorbidities?

Orthostatic Hypertension is a decrease in systolic blood pressure by > _____ mmHg OR in diastolic blood pressure by > _____ mmHg within ______ mins from supine to upright position.

These antihypertensive drugs act on the Na/Cl symporter in the distal convoluted tubule leading to enhanced NaCl excretion:

This is an example of a loop diuretic:

A 27-year old male was diagnosed with stage I hypertension 2 years prior to consult. He was given an anti-hypertensive drug, which was said to be a potassium-sparing diuretic. Suddenly, he noticed enlargement of breast size for which he sought consult. What drug was given to the patient?

A patient with history of asthma was diagnosed with hypertension. Which beta blocker must be given to the patient?

A patient with hypertension was given a single-drug therapy. After days of taking the medication, he noticed coughing more often. What anti-hypertensive drug was given to the patient?

This cause of heart failure leads to reduced ejection fraction:

This cause of heart failure causes a preserved ejection fraction:

In heart failure, this describes dyspnea in lateral decubitus position:

Mr. Tapu Lan is a medical student who started medical school in XU-JPRSM at the age of 45. He usually goes to the library during his vacant time to study. During his 3rd year in medical school, he noticed that going to Ma'am Connie's office has made breathing more difficult. He sought consult and was diagnosed to have heart failure. What is his NYHA classification?

In physical examination, JVP is best assessed from pulsations in the:

This diagnostic test is the gold standard for measuring volumes, mass and ejection fraction of both right and left ventricle.

Which of the following is a sensitive cardiac biomarker for heart failure?

The JVP is an essential parameter to be measured if heart failure is suspected. It is considered abnormal if it measures more than ______ cm from the sternal angle or more than _____ cm from the right atrium.

What is the upper limit for BNP and pro-BNP?

In heart failure, this results from redistribution of fluid from splanchnic circulation and lower extremities into the central circulation.

In hypertensive crisis, the blood pressure is:

The difference between hypertensive emergency and emergency is:

What is the target HBA1C level of a diabetic patient who had MI?

In patients with rheumatic fever, secondary prophylaxis is indicated. What is the duration of prophylaxis for those with RF but without carditis?

Carvallo's sign is a blowing holosystolic murmur that is intensified by inspiration, and is found in: