Create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the waving lotion and speeds up processing.

Perms that use an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia, so there is very little odor associated with their use.

Perm in which the hair strands are wrapped from the ends to the scalp in overlapping concentric layers.

Compounds made up of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur.

Perm rods that have a smaller diameter in the center that increases to a larger diameter on the ends.

Perm wrap in which partings and bases radiate throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head.

Active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanents.

Perm wrap in which one end paper is folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope.

Base control in which the hair is wrapped at an angle of 90 degrees or perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned half off its base section.

Weak physical side bonds that are also the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges; they are easily broken by water (wet setting) or heat (thermal styling), and they re-form as the hair dries or cools.

Perm wrap that is similar to double flat wrap but uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of hair being wrapped.

Perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped.

Position of the tool in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped.

Wrapping technique that uses zigzag partings to divide base areas.

Main active ingredient in true acid and acid balanced waving lotions.

Also known as end bonds; chemical bonds that join amino acids together, end to end in long chains, to form polypeptide chains.

The measurement of the thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows.

Subsections of panels into which hair is divided for perm wrapping

Tool about inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length.

Refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section.

Long chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.

The most common reducing agent in permanent wave solutions.

Base control in which the hair is wrapped at degrees below the center of the base section

Perm that uses an ingredient other that ATG as the primary reducing agent, such as cysteamine or mercaptamine.

Base sections are offset from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits and to bend the floe of the hair.

Have a pH between 4.5 and 7.0 and require heat to process; they process more slowly than alkaline waves, and they do not usually produce as firm a curl as alkaline waves.

Base control in which the hair is wrapped at 45-degree angle beyond perpendicular to its base section

Also known as circle rod; tool that is usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod.

Also known as straight set wrap; perm wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal- sized bases; all the base sections are horizontal and are the same length and width as the perm rod.

The natural pH of hair is between:

The chemical texture service that loosens overly curly hair or changes tightly curly or coiled hair into loose curls or waves is:

In permanent waving, the size of the curl is determined by the:

The technique of wrapping hair at an angle of 90 degrees or perpendicular to its base section is:

The two basic types of wrapping the hair around a perm rod are the spiral and:

A reduction reaction involves either the addition of hydrogen or the removal of:

Most cold waves have a pH between:

The three separate components of acid waves are permanent waving solution, activator, and:

An endothermic wave is activated by:

Permanent wave solution should be rinsed from the hair for at least:

Which type of bonds are relatively weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges?

For on-base placement, the hair is wrapped at ____ beyond perpendicular to its base section, and the rod is positioned on its base.

Which of these permanent waves process at room temperature?

Chemical solutions ____ the pH of the hair to an alkaline state.

When should you preform an elasticity test?

Porous hair _____.

GMTG, the primary reducing agent in most acid waves, has:

True acid waves have a pH between:

Ammonia-free waves:

In permanent waving, most of the processing takes place within the first:

One safety precaution of permanent waving is to:

Thioglycolic acid:

The chemical bonds that join amino acids together are called:

A ____ is a type of perm wrap in which the hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod.

A ___ is a type of wrap in which the hair is wrapped on one rod from the scalp to midway down the hair shaft, and another rod is used to wrap the remaining hair strand in the same direction.

Manufacturers add an alkalizing agent to waving solutions because the acid in the solutions:

A pH of 7.0 is ____ then the pH of hair.

Most of the acid waves found in today's salons have a pH between:

Which of the following is not considered a main component of an exothermic wave ?

An endothermic chemical reaction is one that absorbs ___ from its surroundings.

Which type of perm is recommended for extremely porous hair?

What is the most common neutralizer?

When rinsing the hair after the recommended processing time has elapsed, it is recommended that you: