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Unit 4 AP Biology Review

Total questions: 65

Worksheet time: 45mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What are the three parts of signal transduction pathway?

a)

reception, transduction, response

b)

confirmation, transduction, transcription

c)

reception, amplification, transcription

d)

confirmation, amplification, response

2.

Transduction step traditionally amplifies the signal, which of the following are NOT involved with transduction?

a)

secondary messengers

b)

protein modification

c)

phosphorylation cascade

d)

ligands

3.

Which of the following is NOT a response by the cell from a signal transduction pathway?

a)

cell growth

b)

gene expression

c)

secretion of molecules

d)

all of the above are responses

4.

Describe what occurs when the ligand binds to the receptor.

a)

confirmation change in shape of receptor

b)

phosphorylation of ligand

c)

ligand passes through the membrane

d)

receptor binds additional ligands

5.

Describe the impact of a mutation in any domain of the protein components of the transduction signaling pathway.

a)

receptor unable to bind to ligand

b)

no changes in transduction due to initial signal transduction from ligand

c)

alters response of the cell

d)

amplification of signaling pathway to bind more ligands

6.

Which feedback mechanism involves homeostasis of a particular condition by regulating physiological processes?

a)

Positive Feedback

b)

Negative Feedback

7.

Which feedback mechanism involves amplifying responses and processes in biological organisms?

a)

Positive Feedback

b)

Negative Feedback

8.

Which of the following is NOT a stage of the cell cycle?

a)

interphase

b)

cytokinesis

c)

mitosis

d)

apoptosis

9.

Which of the following is the stage where the cell no longer divides?

a)

G0

b)

G1

c)

G2

d)

S

10.

Which of the following describes the order of the steps in mitosis?

a)

metaphase, telophase, anaphase, prophase

b)

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

c)

telophase, anaphase, metaphase, prophase

d)

prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase

11.

Which of the following is NOT a role of mitosis?

a)

gametes

b)

tissue repair

c)

growth

d)

asexual reproduction

12.

Which checkpoint is responsible for ensuring nondisjunction does not take place?

a)

G1 checkpoint

b)

S checkpoint

c)

G2 checkpoint

d)

M checkpoint

13.

Describe the interaction between cyclin and CdK.

a)

cyclin interacts with CdK to initiate the mitotic phase

b)

cyclin is the precursor to CdK, when synthesized allow for mitosis proceed

c)

cyclin acts as an inhibitor to CdK to wait for all DNA to be synthesized

d)

cyclin binds to CdK to initiate DNA replication

14.

Mitosis results in...

a)

2 identical diploid cells

b)

4 unique diploid cells

c)

2 unique haploid cells

d)

4 identical haploid cells

15.

Meiosis results in _____________ because there is/are _______________.

a)

2 identical haploid cells, 1 round of division

b)

4 identical diploid cells, 2 rounds of division

c)

4 unique haploid cells, 2 rounds of division

d)

2 unique diploid cells, 1 round of division

16.

Which of the following does NOT increase variation in gamete formation?

a)

crossing over

b)

fertilization of gametes

c)

random assortment of chromosomes

d)

condensation of chromatin

17.

This process involves homologous chromatids exchanging genetic material to increase genetic diversity.

a)

crossing over

b)

random fertilization

c)

independent assortment

d)

gene flow

18.
A signal molecule that binds to a plasma-membrane protein is a
a)
ligand
b)
second messenger
c)
protein kinase
d)
receptor protein
19.
Which of the following can activate a protein by transferring a phosphate group to it?
a)
cAMP
b)
G Protein
c)
protein kinase
d)
protein phosphatase
20.
What do second messengers do?
a)
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
b)
relay a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
c)
relay message from the inside of the mebrane throughout the cytoplasm
d)
dampen the message
21.
Signal amplification is most often achieved by
a)
an enzyme cascade
b)
binding of multiple signals
c)
branching pathways
d)
action of adenylyl cyclase
22.
What does a protein phosphatase do?
a)
removes phosphates
b)
transfers phosphates from ATP to proteins
c)
activates an enzyme with a signal molecule
23.
What is a phosphorylation cascade?
a)
travelling of hormones through the air
b)
travelling of hormones through the blood
c)
the removal of a phosphate
d)
a series of molecules that get phosphorylated
24.
What determines whether a cell is a target cell for a particular signal molecule?
a)
phosphorylation cascade
b)
cAMP
c)
signal receptors
d)
phosphatase
25.
The 3 steps of signal transduction in order are
a)
reception, transduction, response
b)
response, transduction, reception
c)
reception, response, transduction
d)
transduction, reception, response
26.

What is being depicted in the image?

a)

Amplification of the signal molecule

b)

Enzymatic proteins inhibiting process of the signal transduction pathway

c)

Kinase groups adding dimer groups to other enzymes

d)

Diffusion of molecules within the cell due to the signaling molecule

27.

How do bacteria sense local population density?

a)

quorum sensing

b)

bacteria sensing

c)

signal sensing

d)

population sensing

28.

Name the two main second messengers.

a)

cAMP

b)

GTP

c)

Calcium ions

d)

ligands

29.

The final activated molecule in a signaling pathway may function as a what?

a)

transcription factor

b)

second messenger

c)

kinase

d)

phosphatase

30.

One signal molecule can yield different results based on which receptor receives it.

a)

true

b)

false

31.
During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the most time?
a)
Mitosis
b)
Cytokinesis
c)
Interphase
32.
During which part of the cell cycle does the cell divide?
a)
Interphase
b)
Mitosis
c)
S phase
33.
What is the purpose of the cell cycle?
a)
To create new daughter cells
b)
To prevent cancer from developing
c)
To help the body fight viruses and bacteria
34.

Uncontrolled cell division which usually leads to tumors and disease is called:

a)

Metaphase

b)

Cytokinesis

c)

Cancer

d)

Diabetes

35.
The cell carries out normal functions during..
a)
interphase
b)
cytokinesis
c)
mitosis
36.
What does NOT happen during interphase?
a)
growth
b)
DNA replication 
c)
obtaining nutrients
d)
cell divison
37.
Which of the following statements is true of cytokinesis
a)
takes place in plant cells only
b)
completes the cell cycle
c)
organizes DNA
d)
occurs in prophase
38.
Which of the following is NOT a reason we need mitosis.
a)
Growth
b)
Recovering from injuries
c)
Replacement of dead cells
d)
Sexual reproduction
39.
The phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separate from each other
a)
prophase
b)
metaphase
c)
anaphase
d)
telophase
40.
Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the cell cycle?
a)
Mitosis-> G1->S->G2->cytokinesis
b)
S->G1-> G2-> mitosis-> cytokinesis
c)
cytokinesis->mitosis->G1->S->G2
d)
 G1->S->G2->mitosis->cytokinesis
41.

Hormone regulation operates under which type of feedback mechanism?

a)

positive feedback

b)

negative feedback

c)

zero feedback

d)

Hormones are not regulated

42.

Feedback loops are important because they allow organisms and the environment to

a)

change based on new inputs

b)

fall apart

c)

change based on new outputs

d)

maintain balance

43.
If the environment gets cold, we will often shiver in order to:
a)
keep body temperature the same as the external temperature
b)
decrease body temperature
c)
increase body temperature
d)
regulate blood pressure
44.
Hormones that enter cells directly to cause changes are usually:
a)
Steroids
b)
Proteins
45.

Type 1 diabetes results from the destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Individuals with type 1 diabetes produce insufficient amounts of insulin, a hormone that regulates the concentration of glucose in the blood.


Which of the following best explains how treatment with a drug that stimulates the production of insulin receptors on target cells will affect the insulin signaling pathway in an individual with type 1 diabetes?

a)

The drug will have little or no effect on the signaling pathway because the receptors will not be activated in the absence of insulin.

b)

The drug will have little or no effect on the signaling pathway because insulin receptors will not be allowed to enter the cells.

c)

The drug will restore the function of the signaling pathway because insulin levels will return to normal.

d)

The drug will restore the function of the signaling pathway because nonpancreatic cells will begin to produce insulin receptors.

46.

Neurotransmitters send messages to other neurons by crossing what space?

a)

Receptor site

b)

Synaptic cleft

c)

Cerebral cortex

d)

Adrenal cortex

e)

Hypothalamus

47.

What chemicals are active within a neuron?

a)

Sodium and Potassium

b)

Sodium and Hydrogen

c)

Iron and Potassium

d)

Hydrogen and Iron

e)

Boron and Helium

48.

During what phase of neural transmission does the neuron "take a break" from all activity immediately after firing?

a)

Action potential

b)

Resting potential

c)

All-or-none response

d)

Refractory period

e)

Terminal Action

49.
Neurons are cells of the nervous system that receive and transmit signals.  Which part of a neuron transmits signals from the cell body to other cells?
a)
axon
b)
dendrites
c)
neurotransmitters
d)
nucleus
50.
Which type of neuron receives signals/stimuli from the eyes, ears, nose, skin, or tongue and transmits this information to other neurons?
a)
sensory
b)
motor
c)
interneuron
d)
relay neuron
51.
Which type of neuron signals digestive glands to release enzymes, muscles to contract, or causes other actions in the body?
a)
sensory
b)
motor
c)
interneuron
d)
relay neuron
52.

Saliva, tears, and sweat contain which enzyme?

a)

lysozyme

b)

protein kinase

c)

hydrochloric acid

d)

lactase

53.

Histamines directly cause:

a)

Helper T cells to mark pathogens for destruction

b)

Cytotoxic T cells to become activated

c)

B and T cells to create memory cells

d)

Blood vessels to dilate and leak fluid and WBC's

54.

Interferon is a chemical messenger sent from a virus infected cell. What is its function?

a)

Causes neighboring cells to make proteins to block viral reproduction

b)

Calls white blood cells over to take care of the infection

c)

Causes neighboring cells to build up thicker cell membranes so the viruses can't enter

55.

Which of the following are considered "Professional Antigen Presenting Cells"?

a)

B Cells

b)

Macrophage

c)

Dendritic Cells

d)

T Cells

56.

Which of the following cells have MHC Class II proteins on their surface?

a)

All nucleated cells

b)

Only APC's (Antigen Presenting Cells)

57.

Means: "programmed cell death"

a)

Natural Killer Cell

b)

Mitosis

c)

Apoptosis

d)

CD4 and CD8

58.

Natural Killer (NK) Cells target:

a)

Cancerous cells

b)

Virus invaded cells

c)

A specific antigen marker on some type of pathogen

59.

A B cell that is actively making antibodies is called a(n)

a)

memory B cell

b)

plasma cell

c)

Helper T cell

d)

Naive B cell

60.

CD8 proteins are found on which of the following cell types?

a)

B Cells

b)

Macrophages

c)

Cytotoxic T Cells

d)

Natural Killer Cells

61.

T cells mature in the ___________

a)

Thymus gland

b)

Tibia Bone

c)

Tongue

d)

Tonsils

62.

Which of the following is part of the humoral response?

a)

antibodies

b)

Cytotoxic T cells

c)

Natural Killer Cells

d)

Lysozyme

63.

Which of the following acts as a messenger between the innate and adaptive immune system?

a)

Macrophage

b)

Cytotoxic T cell

c)

Plasma Cell

d)

Memory B Cell

64.

Which of the following statements are TRUE about vaccinations?

a)

Allow B cells to make antibodies for any type of antigen the body comes in contact with.

b)

Triggers the body to make memory cells for specific pathogens.

c)

They are substances prepared from killed or weakened pathogens.

d)

Always allows the body to resist an infectious disease any time it comes into contact with it.

65.

What happens after the second time you are exposed to a pathogen?

a)

The body will not be able to fight off the pathogen quickly, because it knows how to get into the body easier.

b)

The body's immune system will react the same was as it did during the first exposure.

c)

The body can only be exposed to a pathogen a second time if you do not have a vaccine.

d)

The body will know how to fight off the pathogen quickly, because memory cells have been created after the first encounter.

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