Pessaries: I. Usually globular or oviform and weighs 2g each when cocoa butter is the base II. Employed principally to combat infections occurring in the female genitourinary area III. The most commonly used base consist of combination of the various molecular weight PEG

Rectal suppositories: I. Pediatric suppositories are more narrow and pencil-shaped than the typical bullet-shaped adult suppository II. Suppositories intended for female are about half the length and weight of the male counterpart. III. Have both local and systemic effects

The following statement is/are true: I. The dose of the drug administered rectally may be greater than or less than the dose of the same drug given orally. II. A rectum that is void offers greater absorption than a rectum distended with fecal matter. III. Lymphatic circulation is not involved in the absorption of rectally administered drugs.

Rectal absorption is affected by both physiologic and physicochemical factors. Physiologic factors would include: I. pH II. colonic contents III. lack of buffering capacity

106. In choosing a suppository base, one needs to assess if: I. The base remains solid at room temperature but softens, melts or dissolves readily at body temperature II. The active ingredient would be released more readily from the base III. The base is compatible with the other components in all aspects

Glyceryl monopalmitate is an example of this type of suppository base.

This type of suppository base includes mixtures of fatty and water-soluble bases.

Cocoa butter: I. Because of triglyceride content, it exhibits marked polymorphism II. Phenol and chloral hydrate can increase its melting point when incorporated with it. III. The β form has a greater stability and melting point.

This suppository base is the most frequently used for vaginal suppositories.

the most frequently employed method in the preparation of suppositories both on small scale and on industrial scale is:

Suppositories of which ointment bases are suitable for preparation by molding? I. Cocoa butter II. Glycerinated gelatin III. PEG

In the preparation for compression into molds, the suppository base and other formulative ingredients are combined by thorough mixing. Which of the following statement/s hold/s true for this method? I. Friction causes the base to soften into a paste like consistency. II. Compression is suited for making suppositories containing medicinal substances that are heat stable III. Mortar and pestle can be used for small scale preparations.

The pharmacist should inform the patient about the proper use of suppositories. This should include: I. Suppositories should be allowed to warm to room temperature before insertion if they are to be stored in a refrigerator. II. Glycerinated gelatin or PEG suppositories should not be allowed to come in contact with moisture in any case. III. Bullet-shaped rectal suppositories should be inserted point-end first.

The packaging and storage of the suppositories is very important to prevent the environment and moisture induced deterioration or loss of activity. The guidelines for packing and storage should include: I. Suppositories from cocoa butter base are usually individually wrapped or otherwise separated in compartmentalized boxes. II. Suppositories from cocoa butter base must be stored below 30◦C preferably in a refrigerator. III. Suppositories from PEG bases may be stored at usual room temperature without the requirement for refrigeration.

116. Solutions are liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents. Which of the following solvents may be used in the preparation of solutions? I. Alcohol USP II. Propylene Glycol, USP III. Glycerin, USP

Next to water, alcohol is the most useful solvent in pharmacy. The following statement/s is/are true for alcohol: I. It is preferred often because of its miscibility with water and its ability to dissolve many water-insoluble ingredients. II. When alcohol is already used, propylene glycol should not be added anymore because the two solvents are immiscible III. Alcohol USP contains not less than 99.5% C2H5OH by volume.

Glycerin is a clear syrupy liquid with a sweet taste and may be used as a solvent for the preparation of solutions. Other feature/s of this solvent is/are: I. Miscible with water but not with alcohol II. Has preservative qualities and is used as stabilizer III. Solutes are slowly soluble in it unless rendered less viscous by heating

Ordinary drinking water obtained from tap is not generally acceptable for the manufacture of most aqueous pharmaceutical preparations or for the extemporaneous compounding of prescription mainly because of: I. The chemical incompatibilities that may result from the combination of dissolved solids present and the medicinal agent being added II. Precipitation, discoloration and occasional effervescence. III. The difference between the use of purified and ordinary tap water is of no consequence.

120. Purified water, USP: I. Obtained by distillation, ion-exchange treatment, reverse osmosis or other suitable process II. Intended for use in the preparation of aqueous dosage forms other than parenterals III. 1000 times more free of dissolved solids than is water

The main methods used in the preparation of purified water are distillation and ion-exchange. In distillation: I. The first 5% of the aqueous distillate must be discarded II. The last portion of the water about 100% of original volume, remaining in the distillation apparatus must be discarded. III. Water purified in this manner is referred to as demineralized water

The ion-exchanged process involves the passage of water through a column of cation and anion exchangers. As compared to the distillation process, this method: I. Has simpler equipment and thus, permits case of operation II. Eliminates the use of heat III. Has costly and troublesome maintenance of equipment

Water impurities like calcium and magnesium can be removed by:

This method of preparing purified water removes virtually all virus, bacteria, pyrogens, organic molecules and 90-99% of all ions. I. Distillation II. Ion-exchange III. Reverse osmosis

Some chemicals are only slowly soluble and require an extended time for dissolving. In this case, the pharmacist should employ: I. Application of heat II. Reduction of the particle of the solute III. Rigorous agitation during the preparation

The following statement/s is/are true for the application of heat in the dissolution of some chemicals in a particular solvent: I. Many medicinal agents are destroyed at elevated temperature and the advantage of rapid solution may be completely offset by deterioration. II. Elevated temperatures cannot be maintained for pharmaceuticals and the net effect of heat is simply an increase in solubility III. Application of heat for calcium salts is highly recommendable.

Certain antibiotics which have insufficient stability in aqueous solutions are available in dry powder mixtures ready for reconstitution. Example of these mixtures would include: I. Cloxacillin Na for oral solution II. Oxacillin Na for oral solution III. Penicillin V Potassium for oral solution

Magnesium Citrate Oral Solution is a colorless to slightly yellow, clear, effervescent liquid having a sweet, acidulous taste and lemon flavor. Which of the following statement is/are correct regarding its preparation? I. In carbonating the solution the Bicarbonate may be added in tablet form rather than as a powder. II. Magnesium carbonate is reacted with excess citric acid. III. It is required to contain an amount of magnesium citrate equivalent to between 1.55 and 1.9 g MgO in each 100 mL

These are concentrated, aqueous preparations of a sugar or a sugar-substitute with or without added flavoring agents and medicinal substances. I. Syrups II. Honeys III. Juice

Most syrup contains the following component/s. I. Flavorants II. Colorants III. Antimicrobial preservatives

Syrups are useful as diluting agents for water-soluble drugs and act as both solvent and flavoring agents. Which medicated syrup can be used to disguise the taste of urea? I. Acacia syrup II. Glycyrrhiza Syrup III. Aromatic Eriodyctyon Syrup

Most syrup contains a high proportion of sucrose, usually 60-80%. Which of the following statement/s hold/d true? I. Sucrose is used because of its desirable sweetness and viscosity of such solutions II. The aqueous sugar medium of dilute sucrose solution is an efficient nutrient medium for the growth of microorganisms. III. Concentrated sugar solutions may no longer require addition of preservatives.

Syrup, NF: I Simple syrup II. Prepared by dissolving 85g of sucrose in enough purified water to make 100 ml III. Has a specific gravity of 1.313

The amount of preservative required to protect syrup against microbial growth varies with the proportion of water available for growth. What is the usual effective concentration of benzoic acid as a preservative?

Example of preservatives used in the preparation of syrups would include: I. Sodium benzoate II. Glycerin III. benzoic acid

Syrups are most frequently prepared depending on the physical and chemical characteristic of the ingredients. This method would include: I. Solution with the aid of heat II. Solution by agitation without the aid of heat III. Addition of sucrose to a Medicated Liquid or flavored liquid

Syrups prepared using solution with the aid of heat method applies when it is desired to prepare the syrup as quickly as possible. However, there are limitations on using this method and these limitations include: I. Can be used only when the components are not damaged or volatilized by heat II. Inversion of sucrose might occur III. Caramelization might occur

Which of the following statement/s is/are true? I. Syrups prepared by solution by agitation without the aid of heat method is more stable than syrups prepared with the aid of heat. II Syrups can be sterilized by autoclaving. III. The viscous nature of syrups permits easy dissolution of the solids to be added.

Which method is used in the preparation of ipecac syrup? I. Solution with the aid of heat II. Solution by agitation without the aid of heat III. Percolation

Elixirs: I. Are clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic solutions intended for oral use II. Can be medicted or nonmedicated like syrups III. Those containing 2-5% alcohol are usually self preserving

The relative sweetness of aspartame when compared to sucrose is

Compared with syrups, elixirs are: I. Less sweet but more viscous II. Less effective in masking the taste of medicinal substance III. Sweeter but less viscous

Elixirs can be prepared by which method/s? I. Solution by agitation II. Admixture of Two or more liquid ingredients III. Percolation

Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from chemical substances. The following statement/s is/are true about tinctures: I. The alcoholic content protects against microbial growth and keeps the alcohol-soluble extractives in solution. II. They must be tightly stoppered and not exposed to excessive temperatures. III. They contain high alcoholic content.

Tinctures of potent drugs for which no proportion of active principles has been fixed, shall have the strength of:

These are aqueous or oleaginous solutions in the form of coarse droplets or as finely divided solids to be applied topically, most usually to the nasal-pharyngeal tract or skin.

These are clear, saturated, aqueous solutions of volatile oil or other aromatic or volatile substances.

Aromatic waters may be prepared by distillation or solution of the aromatic substance with or without the use of a dispersing agent. Example of these preparation include: I. Stronger rose water II. Peppermint water III. Peppermint spirit

Peppermint Spirit USP is prepared by:

This preparation is an aqueous solution directed against a part or into a cavity of the body.

The following statement/s hold/s true for douches: I. They function as cleansing or antiseptic agent II. They are most frequently dispensed in the form of a powder with directions for dissolving in a specified quantity of water III. They are usually directed to the appropriate body part by using bulb syringes.

Enemas are employed to evacuate the bowel, influence the general system by absorption or to affect a local disease. Which of the following statement/s hold/s true for enemas? I. They may possess anthelmintic, nutritive, sedative, or stimulating properties II. They may contain radiopaque substances for roentgenographic examination of the lower bowel. III. Evacuation enemas are to be retained in the intestine and should not be used in larger quantities than 150 ml for an adult.

In using evacuation enemas, the pharmacist should advise the patient to: I. Squeeze all of the contents out of the disposable plastic bottle II. Gently insert the rectal tip with steady pressure III. Take note that the product will most probably work within 5 to 10 minutes.

Because irrigation solutions come in contact with exposed tissues, they must meet stringent requirements of the USP such as: I. Sterility II. Total solids III. Bacterial endotoxins

Mucilages: I. Are thick, viscid, adhesive liquids produced by dispersing gum in water II. Are resistant to decomposition III. Used primarily to aid in suspending insoluble substances in liquid

Acacia mucilage NF XII differs from Tragacanth Mucilage BPC in that: I. Acacia mucilage contains alcohol and chloroform water while Tragacanth Mucilage does not II. Acacia mucilage contains benzoic acid as a preservative while Tragacanth Mucilage does not III. Acacia mucilage show maximum viscosity at pH 5.

Jellies are a class of gels in which the structural coherent matrix contains a high portion of liquid usually water. They are used as lubricants for: I. Surgical gloves II. Catheters III. Rectal thermometers

Pyroxylin is obtained by the action of which acid/s on cotton? I. Nitric acid II. Hydrochloric acid III. Sulfuric acid

Pyroxylin consists chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate and has the appearance of raw cotton when dry but is harsh to the touch. Other features of pyroxylin include: I. Exceedingly flammable II. Soluble in acetone but not in glacial acetic acid III. One part is slowly but completely soluble in 25 parts of a mixture of 1 volume of ether and 3 volume alcohol

Flexible collodion is prepared by adding castor oil and camphor to collodion. How many percent of castor oil required in this preparation?

Salicylic acid collodion contains how many percentage of salicylic acid in flexible collodion?

Salicylic acid collodion finds its use as: I. Keratolytic agent II. Wart remover III. Corn remover

. Liniments are alcoholic or oleaginous solutions or emulsions of various medicinal substances intended for external application to the skin with rubbing. They may be used as: I. Counterirritant II. Astringent III. rubefacient

The following statement/s is/are true for liniments: I. They are not applied to broken skin because excessive irritation might result. II. Oleaginous liniments are more irritating to the skin than alcoholic liniments III. Oleaginous liniments are employed primarily when massage is desired.

165. Glycerin or glycerites contain ______of glycerin.

These are concentrated preparations of vegetable or animal drugs obtained by the removal of the active constituents of the respective drugs with the suitable menstrual and evaporation of all or nearly all of the solvent.

This is a method of extraction in which the properly comminuted drug is permitted to soak in the menstruum until the cellular structure is softened and penetrated by the menstruum and the soluble constituents is dissolved.

This method of extraction is a process in which the soluble constituent of a comminuted drug is extracted by the slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column of the drug.

169. These preparation are made so that each mL contains the therapeutic constituents of 1g of the standard drug that it represents.

This is a form of extract which is of a plastic consistency, prepared with nearly all of the menstruum removed. I. Pilular II. Solid III. Semiliquid

The particles of the dispersed phase vary widely in size, from large particles visible to the naked eye down to the particles of colloidal dimensions, falling between 1.0nm and 0.5 um in size. Dispersions containing particles of 10-50um in size are referred as:

Fine dispersion includes: I. Emulsions II. Gels III. Magmas

Coarse dispersion includes: I. Emulsions II. Gels III. Magmas

Suspensions are prepared because some drugs are chemically unstable when in solution but stable when suspended. Other reason/s for preparing suspensions include/s: I. flexibility in the administration of certain doses II. Ease of swallowing especially for children as compared to solids III. The undesirable taste of the drugs can be masked.

Therapeutic efficacy, chemical stability of components and permanency of preparation should all be considered in the preparation of suspensions. Other desirable qualities of suspensions should include: I. Settle slowly and be easily redispersed upon gentle shaking of container II. The particle size if the suspension remains fairly constant throughout long periods of undisturbed standing III. The contents should pour easily and readily from its container.

Viscosity agent decreases the rate of settling of deflocculated particles or provides the stability in flocculated suspensions. Other desirable qualities of suspension should include/s: I. Acacia gum II. PVP III. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

This is a process of particle size reduction in which the shearing action of high velocity compressed air stream on the particles in a confined space produces the desired ultrafine or micronized particles. I. micropulverization II. jet-milling III. Fluid energy grinding

The following statement/s is/are true of flocs or floccules: I. It is measures which avoid the formation of a cake in suspensions. II. It has a less rigid or loose aggregation of particles held by weak particle-to-particle bonding forces. III. It settles more rapidly than fine particles

Which of the following can function as flocculating agents? I. Bentonite Magma II. KCl III. Benzalkonium chloride

Wetting agents are used to make the powder more penetrable by the dispersion medium. These agents include; I. Glycerin II. PVP III. Alcohol

The following should be observed during packaging and storage of suspensions: I. All suspensions should II. They should be stored in tight containers protected from freezing, excessive heat and light III. Extemporaneously prepared suspensions should be placed in light resistant containers.

In emulsion terminology, the dispersed phase is referred to as: I. internal phase II. External phase III. Continuous phase

If the oleaginous phase is the internal phase, then the emulsion is referred to as:

The absorption of which drugs can be enhanced when prepared n the form of oil-in-water emulsion? I. Griseofulvin II. Sulfonamides III. Vitamin A

Emulsions offer a number of advantages over other liquid dosage forms. These include: I. The therapeutic properties and the spreading ability of the constituents are increased II. Taste or odor of oil can be masked partially or wholly III. The absorption and the penetration of medicaments are controlled more easily

In preparation an emulsion, a third phase called the emulsifying agent is necessary. Which of the following are classified as natural emulsifying agent/s? I. Acacia II. Bentonite III. lecithin

Synthetic emulsifying agents are most effective at lowering the interfacial tension between the oil and water phases. Examples of these agents include: I. Veegum II. Benzalkonium chloride III. cholesterol

This theory of emulsification assumes monomolecular layers of emulsifying agent curved around a droplet of the internal phase of the emulsion.

This theory places the emulsifying agent at the interface between the oil and water, surrounding the droplets of the internal phase as thin layer of film adsorbed on the surface of drops. I. interfacial film theory II. interfacial film theory III. molecular layer theory

This emulsifying agent has a disadvantage of producing emulsions that are too fluid and which becomes more fluid upon standing.

. The following agent/s can be used as thickening agent/s: I. agar II. stearyl alcohol III.cetylalcohol

In small scale extemporaneous preparation of emulsion, these methods may apply: I. Dry gum method II. Wet gum method III. Forbes method

In this method, the emulsifying agent is mixed with the oil before the addition of water. I. Dry gum method II. Wet gum method III. Forbes method

Which of the following statement/s hold/s true for emulsion: I. In its preparation, if alcohol is needed, add it directly to the primary emulsion to avoid its volatilization. II. Bottle method is suited for viscous oils III. A mortar with a rough rather than smooth inner surface must be used in triturating the emulsifier with oil in dry method preparation.

These are thermodynamically stable, optically transparent, isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized with surfactant.

An emulsion is considered to be physically unstable if: I. The internal or dispersed phase upon standing tends to form aggregates of globules II. Large globules rise to the top or fall to the bottom of the emulsion to form a concentrated layer of internal Phase III. All or part of the liquid of internal phase

Which of the following statement/s is/are true: I. Creaming is a reversible process II. Breaking is a reversible process III. Sedimentation is an irreversible process

Mineral oil emulsion is a/an:

This is used for preparing fluidextracts with boiling water as the menstruum, alcohol being added as a preservative to a concentrated percolate.

This is an alternative for process A in which percolation is conducted on a column of drug much greater in length than in diameter.