What is the mechanism of a type I hypersensitivity?

What are the typical manifestations of a type I hypersensitivity?

What are the signs and symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

What are the laboratory findings of allergic rhinitis?

Which immunoglobulin is responsible for type I hypersensitivity?

In a person who is not experiencing a type I hypersensitivity or infection with worms, is the concentration of IgE high or low in concentration in the blood serum?

What two things initiate an allergy?

_________ individuals produce IgE against common environmental antigens.

When atopic individuals produce IgE against common environmental antigens, what are the antigens usually?

What type of response is induced after an antigen enters mucosal tissue at very low concentrations?

IgE antibodies act by cross-linking what kind of receptor on the surfaces of innate immune cells?

Although antibodies are not harmful by themselves, the granule contents released include histamine, heparin, proteases, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and chemokines, which can cause allergic reactions.

Which receptor is responsible for most allergy symptoms and is expressed on mast cells and basophils?

Which low affinity IgE receptor regulates production of IgE by B cells?

The high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI linking receptors trigger _____________ phosphorylation of ITAMs.

Lyn-mediated phosphorylation of ITAMs triggers which 2 pathways, leading to allergic effects?

Mast cells express two types of receptors: FcεRI (activating) and FcγRIIB (inhibiting) Ig receptors. If a cell binds both IgE and IgG, which signal wins? (Hint: this is what makes allergy shots effective)

________ can phosphorylate ITIMs on FcγRIIB, which will inhibit signaling.

Which type of immunity is responsible for type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Which 2 molecules are produced by innate immune cells that are responsible for type I hypersensitivity symptoms?

Leukotrienes and prostaglandins are considered __________: formed when membrane phospholipids are enzymatically cleaved.

Secondary mediators (leukotrienes and prostaglandins produced by innate immune cells) are 1000x more potent than histamine at inducing bronchoconstriction and more potent stimulators of:

Mast cells and basophils release several signaling molecules, but the important ones are

Interleukins are examples of ________.

What do IL-4 and IL-13 stimulate?

What stimulates the production and activation of myeloid cells such as granulocytes?

What type of response occurs within minutes of allergen exposure?

How are early responses mediated?

What type of response occurs hours later as a result of recruited cells?

How are late responses mediated?

What is the third phase of a type I hypersensitivity described as involving?

Which type I hypersensitivity reaction is often initiated by an injected or gut-absorbed allergen such as bee sting venom, PCN, seafood, or nuts?

Which type I hypersensitivity is limited to a specific tissue or organ ie allergic rhinitis (hay fever), atopic dermatitis (eczema), or atopic urticaria (hives)?

Which type I hypersensitivity is a common type of atopy on the rise, often water-soluble glycoproteins stable to heat, acid, and proteases?

Which immunoglobulin mediates food allergies?

What is used to explain why countries with improved hygiene are experiencing increases in asthma and allergy rates?

Can environmental factors and diet and genetics affect susceptibility to allergies?

Infants with eczema and children deficient in _________ support the hygiene hypothesis.

Which type of epithelial cells produce innate cytokines that affect DCs and induce allergen-specific TH2 cells, which trigger B cell isotope switch to IgE?

In which type of epithelial cells are ILC2, TH2, and TH9 cells activated by binding IgE to produce cytokines that recruit, support, and activate mast cells and basophils?

When diagnosing type I hypersensitivities, skin testing may be used. What symptoms indicate allergic response?

What binds and blocks H1 receptors on target cells for treatment of type I hypersensitivity?

Which type I hypersensitivity inhibits innate immune cell activity in airways, treating asthma?

How do leukotriene antagonists work?

Benadryl, or diphenhydramine is what kind of antihistamine?

Acrivastine is what kind of antihistamine?

Zyrtec, or cetirizine is which type of antihistamine? **still causes some drowsiness

Allegra, or fexofenadine is what kind of antihistamine?

Claritin, or loratadine is what kind of antihistamine?

Which antihistamine given can be used for the indication of dermatitis?

Which of the following cell-surface receptors is MOST closely linked to activating type I hypersensitivity reactions?

Which of the following cell types are targets of the products of mast-cell degranulation, as well as the mediators produced by mast cells following degranulation?

Which of the following effects is NOT a result of histamine binding to histamine receptor H1?

Which of the following cytokines is NOT generally associated with allergic reactions?

The immune response to a peanut allergy is MOST similar to a

Which of the following is a potential cause of chronic inflammation?